2 . The Justice of the Court

The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone _________ a crime, he or she is considered _________ until the court proves that the person is guilty. _________, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the _________ of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.

In order to arrest a person, the police _________ be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book” him. “Booking” means that the name of the person and the charges against him are _________ listed at the police station.

The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or _________. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away — for example, because he owns a house and has a family — he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must _________ bail (保释金). At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court lawyer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one.

The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district lawyer’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a(n) _________. The attorney (律师) may present __________ as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is __________ evidence to __________ a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally admit guilty or not guilty.

At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both lawyers and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. __________, if he is guilty, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for __________. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judge may send him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation (缓刑).

The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These __________ rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.

1.

A．is guilty of

B．is responsible for

C．is accused of

D．is ashamed of

2.

A．unpleasant

B．inexperienced

C．paralleled

D．innocent

3.

A．On the contrary

B．As a result

C．In addition

D．In other words

4.

A．responsibility

B．convincing

C．humanity

D．initiative

5.

A．are obliged to

B．might as well

C．are entitled to

D．are qualified to

6.

A．reasonably

B．formally

C．readily

D．occasionally

7.

A．locked up

B．set free

C．concerned about

D．cared for

8.

A．put up

B．put forward

C．put on

D．put through

9.

A．process

B．decision

C．opportunity

D．hearing

10.

A．victims

B．claims

C．evidence

D．information

11.

A．sufficient

B．fantastic

C．demanding

D．economic

12.

A．call on

B．call at

C．call up

D．call for

13.

A．Besides

B．However

C．Therefore

D．Consequently

14.

A．booking

B．sentencing

C．punishing

D．releasing

15.

A．common

B．substantial

C．individual

D．popular

3 . Huge health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily.

Primary care should be the backbone of any health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician.

A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare beneficiaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors.

How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better he’s reimbursed (返还费用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patient’s disease. Combining this fact with annual government threats to indiscriminately (任意地) cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income.

Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.

Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U. S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results I emergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors.

How do we fix this problem?

It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳的) managing their diseases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving students loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries.

We’re at a point where primary care is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade.

Who will be there to treat them?

1. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that ________.

A．the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure

B．seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors

C．visiting the same doctor on a regular basis ensures good health

D．the more doctors a patient sees, the better

2. Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary care physicians have to ________.

A．increase their income by working overtime

B．improve their expertise and service

C．see more patients at the expense of quality

D．make various deals with specialists

3. What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?

A．Bridge the salary gap between specialist and primary care physicians.

B．Extend primary care to patients with chronic diseases.

C．Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.

D．Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.

4. The best title for this passage is ________.

A．The Health Care in Trouble	B．The Imbalance System
C．The Declining Number of Doctors	D．The Ever-rising Health Care Costs

4 . More people are travelling than ever before, and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for ________ periods.

The rise of “city breaks” 48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their ________ spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure (基础设施) as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,” says Font, an expert in tourism. “For ________, the city no longer belongs to them.”

In response to this situation, cities have come up with various solutions. For instance, Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek ________ outside of the city center on its official website. “That takes courage, really, to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they’re doing all they can to ________ congestion.”

But it also proposes a better way, which is called “de-tourism”: sustainable travel tips and ________ schedules for exploring a real Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

A greater variety of ________ for prospective visitors — ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city center — can have the effect of removing them from already crowded landmarks, or ________ short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays ________ the pressure, says Font. ‘If you go to Paris for two days, you’re going to the Eiffel Tower. If you go for two weeks, you’re not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times.” Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the________, “We should be asking how we can get tourists to ________, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they’re coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behaviors with ours.”

Font says cities could stand to be more ________ about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they’ve come. “You’re thinking. ‘yeah but at what cost…’” He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourist for spending an average of 640 more per day than French tourists — a(n) ________ that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. ________ tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local products, and spread out to less crowded parts of the city — all productive steps towards more ________ tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

1.

A．longer

B．shorter

C．wider

D．clearer

2.

A．environmental

B．national

C．economic

D．geographic

3.

A．locals

B．tourists

C．visitors

D．cleaners

4.

A．transports

B．accommodation

C．restaurants

D．service

5.

A．cause

B．fuel

C．transfer

D．ease

6.

A．separate

B．individual

C．alternative

D．objective

7.

A．reform

B．guidance

C．invitation

D．support

8.

A．convincing

B．discouraging

C．promoting

D．enjoying

9.

A．release

B．enhance

C．remove

D．relieve

10.

A．culture

B．knowledge

C．entertainment

D．ability

11.

A．go with

B．bring up

C．come back

D．lay off

12.

A．selective

B．optimistic

C．curious

D．doubtful

13.

A．distinction

B．harmony

C．association

D．comparison

14.

A．French

B．Japanese

C．Spanish

D．German

15.

A．comfortable

B．complex

C．temporary

D．sustainable

6 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. applause B. capturing C. devoted D. driven E. essence F. extends G. marking H. pales I. peer J. stage K. stem

Exploring the Essence of Heroism

Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. But as we     1     deeper into the lives of our heroes, we inevitably confront our own need for them and start questioning the     2     of heroism itself.

Across diverse cultures, heroes exhibit certain traits that attract and motivate others. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community offering its     3    . The exploits of the heroes are extraordinary,    4     the collective imagination of their communities. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes are like high-voltage(高电压) transformers,    5     to serving powers or principles larger than themselves, which take the energy of higher powers and channel it for the benefits of ordinary folks.

The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. A crucial test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? If the answer or evidence suggests they are     6     solely by a quest for personal renown, they may be famous persons but not heroes.

While figures like Madonna and Michael Jackson command fame, their influence     7     in comparison to true heroes. Heroes, by contrast, serve as catalysts (催化剂) for profound societal change. They possess a vision that     8     beyond the ordinary. With their skills and charm, they mobilize the masses and pave the way for new opportunities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. It may be possible to     9     a large-scale revolution without leaders with personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, and the vision ambiguous.

In conclusion, heroes are not just individuals of genius or originality, but they are also embodiments of selflessness and service to a higher purpose. They breathed new life into unchangeable situations,    10     the beginning of transformation and progress.

7 . The prevalence (普遍) of sweatshop (血汗工厂) labor depends largely on the definition being used. At its most _______ definition, the term refers to work in a confined space (small, surrounded by walls) that is extremely difficult or dangerous. Sweatshops are considered to be fairly common. If the definition being used is closely related to the commonly-held _________ of a factory with overworked, under-paid workers, sweatshop labor becomes less common than expected. _________, they are still prevalent in third-world countries. According to the United States Government Accountability Office, a sweatshop is any workplace that breaks one or more state and federal _________ laws. Experts believe that roughly 50 percent of manufacturers—_________ in the clothing industry — employ sweatshop labor.

It can be _________ to figure out the exact number of sweatshops in a particular area. These workplaces usually, if not always, violate labor laws. Violations can include workers being paid less than minimum wage, child labor, and the severe lack of safety regulations. _________, many of these locations tend to hide their identities as sweatshops through a number of different means. For example, they might bribe government officials.

Another factor that _________ the prevalence of sweatshop labor is the economic situation in the country or region. Many individuals choose to work in sweatshops simply because there are no better alternatives _________ livelihood (生计), even if the income they’re being given still cannot support their basic standards of living. This has led to a sharper increase in sweatshops in third-world economies. In these countries, there is a __________ advantage to working in a sweatshop rather than not working at all. __________, the large number of people willing to work under such conditions causes employers to run more sweatshops.

Certain economists argue against the popular opinion that sweatshop labor should be considered __________. Sweatshop supporters argue that the workplaces are a necessity for poor countries. Sweatshop workers actually earn more than average in those countries. Following this train of thought, sweatshops are looked upon as an economic stimulus (刺激物). Employers following this belief are __________ to increase the number of sweatshops in poorer countries.

However, other experts think that __________ labor standards in third-world countries creates a downward spiral (螺旋线). That is to say, people will be forced to accept working in increasingly worsening circumstances. The demand for work is significantly larger than the number of jobs that are available. It’s quite __________ for wages and employee rights to continue going downwards in response to such desperation. As a result of the economic circumstances in a given region, employers who follow this philosophy are quick to point out that their businesses do not fall under the definition of a sweatshop.

1.

A．accurate

B．general

C．applicable

D．specific

2.

A．opinion

B．condition

C．image

D．representation

3.

A．However

B．Moreover

C．Therefore

D．Otherwise

4.

A．tax

B．criminal

C．civil

D．labor

5.

A．exclusively

B．particularly

C．broadly

D．initially

6.

A．meaningless

B．significant

C．awkward

D．difficult

7.

A．After all

B．As a result

C．Above all

D．As usual

8.

A．adds to

B．results from

C．puts off

D．appeals to

9.

A．in spite of

B．in addition to

C．in terms of

D．in return for

10.

A．comparative

B．competitive

C．complicated

D．potential

11.

A．By contrast

B．In turn

C．All in all

D．Last but not least

12.

A．necessary

B．constructive

C．illegal

D．inhuman

13.

A．encouraged

B．forbidden

C．reminded

D．obliged

14.

A．establishing

B．enforcing

C．maintaining

D．dropping

15.

A．possible

B．incredible

C．avoidable

D．necessary

9 . Residents of urban areas make use of public transportation on their way to school or the office. But when their final ________ isn’t near a bus stop or subway station, those folks have a problem. Transportation experts often ________ to this as the “last mile problem”——finding a way to close the gap between public transportation stops and one’s destination.

With the last mile problem in mind, the makers of the URB-E ________ a compact (紧凑的) electric vehicle that weigh around 13 kilograms. Unlike bikes, which often don’t fit on crowded buses or trains, the URB-E collapses into a form ________ to carry-on luggage. And since the URB-E can be carried ________ anywhere, it’s not as vulnerable to thieves as bikes are.

Depending on usage, the URB-E can travel for 32 kilometers on a single ________. reaching a top speed of 24 kilometers per hour. Although there are other vehicles attempting to ________ the last mile issue, the URB-E ________ for its ease of use, portability and affordablo price. For the price of a nice laptop, you could have an URB-E to drive to the office.

The URB-E is made from aircraft-grade aluminum (铝合金) and comes in two basic models: the URB-E Commuter and URB-E GP. The main ________ between the two is that the Commuter model has two rear wheels while the GP has only one. That means the Commuter offers greater stability, as ________ to the GP’s ability to make sharper turns like a bicycle.

Both models come with accessories (附件)________ LED front and rear lights and a shock-absorbing seat. They also ________ a smart-phone holder and USB charging port right on the steering column. In fact, smart-phones play a big role in the URB-E app to do things like monitor battery charge or control the lights. ________ accessories include a cup holder and a folding luggage shelf.

At this year’s international Consumer Electronic Show (CES)in Las Vegas, tech website The Verge awarded the URB-E with its “Best Personal Transportation” award. Singing the URB-E’s ________, Verge editor Ben Popper said, “The URB-E felt like the kind of vehicle an enlightened citizen of 2030 would own.” “So why wait that long, when the URB-E is ________ for order now?”

1.

A．purpose

B．destination

C．transportation

D．vehicle

2.

A．refer

B．accustom

C．attach

D．stick

3.

A．discovered

B．introduced

C．designed

D．manufactured

4.

A．convenient

B．efficient

C．objective

D．similar

5.

A．constantly

B．eventually

C．mainly

D．practically

6.

A．charge

B．tourism

C．competition

D．distance

7.

A．cover

B．develop

C．address

D．conquer

8.

A．breaks away

B．stands out

C．invests in

D．perseveres in

9.

A．difference

B．characteristic

C．association

D．advantage

10.

A．familiar

B．equivalent

C．important

D．opposed

11.

A．as a result of

B．such as

C．in all

D．in addition to

12.

A．install

B．explore

C．feature

D．equip

13.

A．Optional

B．Critical

C．Essential

D．Unique

14.

A．advances

B．delivery

C．praises

D．prospect

15.

A．reasonable

B．flexible

C．fascinating

D．available