1 . Three young men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist. With little regard for their personal safety, they rushed the terrorist and controlled him. Only some people seem capable of this split-second form of heroism. Why some men rise to the occasion — and others don’t — has been a bit tricky to explain. Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology.

Of course, heroism and courage can appear in many forms, and men and women risk their reputations, health, and social standing to do what they think is right. When it comes to physically risky bravery, people assume that men will take the lead. There are sound biological reasons for this fixed image. One of the most common fears in men is that they’ll be outed as a coward (懦夫), and a man who fails to display physical courage will suffer damage to his reputation in a way that a woman will not. Throughout human history, attaining a position of high status or dominance among one’s peers (同龄人) has been the ticket that needs to get punched for men to attract mates and father children.

People tend to have an idea of what heroes are like. When rating the personalities of movie heroes, participants expected them to be more careful and hard-working, open to experience, agreeable, and emotionally stable than the average person. But some studies indicate that people who exhibit heroic behavior score high on personality usually associated with madmen: risk-taking, sensation seeking, coolness under stress, and a tendency to take over in social situations.

The study of the relationship between personality and heroism is at an early stage. Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed. Often, the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances. Meanwhile, some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis. Future disasters will cry out for further acts of true heroism. Hopefully, the right mix of circumstances and personalities enable courage to carry the day.

1. How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph?

A．By presenting a question.	B．By giving an example.
C．By making a comparison.	D．By drawing a conclusion.

2. What do the underlined words “get punched” in paragraph 2 mean?

A．Be bought.

B．Be talented.

C．Be abandoned.

D．Be acquired.

3. Why is it difficult to predict who will act heroically in a crisis?

A．There are numerous factors affecting heroism.

B．Heroes and ordinary people are always difficult to tell apart.

C．Unknown circumstances play a crucial role in heroic acts.

D．Individual personality is not a reliable indicator of heroism.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A．How Are Heroes Trained?	B．Why Are Heroes Important?
C．What Makes a Person Heroic?	D．Who Are the True Heroes?

2 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

“Annie, I bet you know, right? You’re the star student, so why don’t you show us?” Bruce taunted(奚落).

Annie was confused. She wasn’t trying to show off. She was just playing table(印度塔不拉鼓), like everyone else. And why was Bruce being so mean lately? Is it because tab la is a boy’s thing? She didn’t care that people thought it was a boys’ instrument. Annie knew there was no such thing. She danced her fingers across the tab la to perform the composition in confusion. “Ugh!” Annie heard someone groan(嘟哝), and she stopped playing.

“I guess I don’t know it that well after all,” Annie said shyly to the teacher, Mr. White. Her stomach was doing flip-flops. That wasn’t true. Not even a little. Mr. White’s eyes narrowed. He looked like he was about to say something, but changed his mind. “The recital(演奏会)is next week, everyone. Keep practicing. I will be announcing who will get to perform onstage with me at my next concert!” Annie had dreamed of a moment like that. She wanted to win the opportunity, but she needed to sort things straight with Bruce first.

As the class was dismissed, Annie hurried over to Bruce. When she finally made eye contact with him, he purposely looked away and walked off. The next day at school, Annie overheard Bruce whispering to one of his friends. “People are only interested because she’s the only girl in tab la class and they want her to feel special. She’s not that good—” Annie was angry. She excused herself and went to the bathroom. She took some deep breaths but couldn’t relax. Her heart was pounding:

“It’s not my fault that people make a big deal about a girl playing tabla. I make mistakes too, but I work really hard. Maybe he should too. He should be less mean and practice more.”

“If I play in this concert, no one will talk to me again. He will turn everyone against me.”

“I don’t want to see a tab la or hear a tab la or play a tab la EVER AGAIN!!” Annie yelled at the mirror. It was quiet for a moment. She believed it was one of her darkest days ever.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150个左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

On the way back to the classroom, Annie saw some inspiring posters on the wall.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

After the recital, Bruce walked up to Annie.

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3 . 假如你是李华，下周你校将开展中国传统文化周活动。你已邀请交换生Jerry观看下周六学校古典音乐俱乐部举行的古筝表演，但该表演因故取消。请你给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1. 告知表演取消及原因；
2. 提议参加其它活动；
3. 期待回复。
参考词汇：古筝the Chinese Zither
注意：1. 写作词数应为80个左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。
Dear Jerry,
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

4 . One day, a New Jersey couple stranded (滞留) without food in the freezing cold on a highway. They were getting more _________ and discouraged by the minute.

After almost 21 hours of being _________, Cindy and her husband Jim slept there overnight, not _______ access to food or water. At that time, they _________ a Schmidt Baking Co. truck ahead of them in the standstill. “People around us were very much _________. Many of them had small children, some were elderly and hadn’t eaten in almost a whole day.” In a desperate bid for a _________, they decided to call the Schmidt Bakery and see if it could help _________ some much-needed food for them, as well as their fellow highway captives.

“I didn’t think it would _________ work,” said Cindy, who left a message with customer service. But to their _________, 20 minutes later, they actually got a __________ from Chuck Paterakis, the owner of the bakery. He told them to walk over to the truck driver, Ron, who was given the go-ahead to start handing out __________ to 50 motorists. Then, the couple joined the driver in making __________. Soon, others joined the effort, in which some 300 loaves were __________.

“It felt incredible just hearing people say thank you and hearing them so __________ to finally have food in their car. This was one of the __________ moments I have ever witnessed.” recalled Cindy.

1.

A．alert

B．angry

C．aggressive

D．anxious

2.

A．hit

B．rescued

C．fined

D．stuck

3.

A．having

B．seeking

C．limiting

D．allowing

4.

A．rented

B．spotted

C．searched

D．repaired

5.

A．cheering

B．begging

C．struggling

D．joking

6.

A．job

B．shelter

C．bite

D．gift

7.

A．prepare

B．provide

C．store

D．select

8.

A．occasionally

B．suddenly

C．routinely

D．actually

9.

A．credit

B．amusement

C．honor

D．surprise

10.

A．call

B．loan

C．request

D．visit

11.

A．cash

B．bread

C．flyers

D．clothes

12.

A．bookings

B．comments

C．deliveries

D．schedules

13.

A．given out

B．put away

C．cut up

D．hunted for

14.

A．honored

B．concerned

C．appreciative

D．generous

15.

A．kindest

B．hardest

C．proudest

D．longest

5 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

La rou, or preserved meat, is a winter season specialty(特产)in China. There are many kinds of preserved meat in China with     1     (incredible) diverse ingredients and recipes,     2     (result) in a wide range of flavors from sweet to spicy. They are usually made during la yue-the last lunar month on the     3     (tradition) Chinese calendar—when the temperature is cool but not freezing     4     (dry) and preserve these staples(主食).

La rou in general refers to pork products.     5    , other cured meat, la wei, is made across China depending on local availability by using goose, duck, rabbit, and even seafood. The preserved meat     6     (consider) to be a form of cultural heritage in many places. Similar to bacon and sausages, the Chinese preserved meat is made with large     7     (quantity) of salt, and some of them are smoked over with fire to achieve more flavor. The cured pork belly looks a lot like jerky (干肉条)but it has     8     delicious taste after smoking.

Each region’s sausage has its own seasoning and flavor. The Cantonese variation is sweet,     9     (flavor) with sugar, rice wine, and soy sauce. In Sichuan Province, the sausages tend to be spicier. It is seasoned with chili pepper and Sichuan pepper powder, both of     10     are great choices as ingredients for dishes like fried rice and vegetable stir-fry.

6 . Sleep-deprived human parents know the value of a quick nap, but it turns out chinstrap penguins (带帽企鹅) have us all beat. When nesting, these Antarctic birds take four-second-long “micro-sleeps”, a strategy that allows parents to keep constant watch over weak eggs and chicks, all while having 11 hours of total sleep a day, according to a new study.

Chinstrap parents, like other penguins, take turns guarding the nest. While one bird protects the chicks, the partner finds food at sea. Then the penguins trade places. For two months between egg laying and fledging (羽化), it’s a series of nonstop demands.

In order to study how penguins manage to accomplish all this and get the necessary sleep, Lee, a leader researcher, first stuck biologgers, small battery-powered devices, to the backs of 14 nesting penguins of both sexes. This device functions like a smart-watch, measuring physical activity, pulse, and the ocean depths of foraging (觅食) birds.

Next, the team humanely arrested each of the penguins, attaching the devices temporarily into their skull to measure brain activity. When an animal is awake, the brain constantly buzzes with activity. During sleep, however, brain waves slow down and stretch out. When Lee started reviewing the data, he was surprised to discover the birds, slept in four-second intervals throughout the day and night while looking after their eggs or chicks.

“In both humans and penguins, micro-sleeps occur during times of exhaustion, yet nesting chinstrap penguins seem to have a near-exclusive reliance on it,” Cirelli, another scientist, says. Studying sleep in natural environments is difficult, so “the simple fact that they were able to record data in these conditions is incredible.”

While the data is convincing, Cirelli notes that the researchers only studied the penguins during nesting periods, making it impossible to tell if the birds micro-sleep when they’re not parenting. The other challenge is understanding how micro-sleep impacts the brains and bodies of the penguins. Sleep deprivation (匮乏) in humans causes a range of health problems, and it’s not clear whether penguins experience this, too.

1. When do the birds have micro-sleeps?

A．When they lay eggs.	B．When they search for food.
C．When they migrate to other places.	D．When they take care of babies.

2. What is the biologger?

A．A charger.	B．A smart-watch.
C．A sleep monitor.	D．A safety alarm.

3. What does Cirelli mean in the paragraph 5?

A．Chinstrap penguins rely nearly entirely on micro-sleep.

B．Chinstrap penguins sleep less than human.

C．The data from the micro-sleep study is simple.

D．The micro-sleep study is successful.

4. What would the following paragraph probably talk about?

A．Short-term skills for tired bird parents.	B．Effects and occurrence of micro-sleep.
C．Problems caused by lack of sleep in humans.	D．Ways of chinstrap penguins’ parenting.