1 . The Justice of the Court

The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone _________ a crime, he or she is considered _________ until the court proves that the person is guilty. _________, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the _________ of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.

In order to arrest a person, the police _________ be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book” him. “Booking” means that the name of the person and the charges against him are _________ listed at the police station.

The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or _________. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away — for example, because he owns a house and has a family — he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must _________ bail (保释金). At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court lawyer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one.

The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district lawyer’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a(n) _________. The attorney (律师) may present __________ as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is __________ evidence to __________ a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally admit guilty or not guilty.

At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both lawyers and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. __________, if he is guilty, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for __________. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judge may send him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation (缓刑).

The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These __________ rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.

2 . When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimise ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain’s software. Many ways of doing this have been suggested, but few have _______ weight behind them. There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable _______ , “this will help”, is mental activity.

There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other _______ challenging activities, preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered (缓冲) from the _______ effects of brain ageing and degenerative (退行性的) diseases. We call this buffer “cognitive reserve” — a(n) _______ reservoir of brain function that can _______ from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. _______, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a(n) _______ risk of developing dementia. This is despite the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age-and disease-related _______.   In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.

Yet there’s still much to discover about the _______ of cognitive reserve for optimising the brain’s resilience. The more we understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be in designing _______ to keep the human brain healthier for longer.

The good news is that cognitive reserve isn’t _______ to those who have the IQ of a genius or who’ve devoted their life to theoretical physics. We think it can be _______ throughout life for everyone. _______, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to “use it or lose it” probably apply no matter how old you are. Crucially, it’s never too late to _______.

3 . Once upon a time there lived in Germany two brothers who loved a good story—one with magic and danger, royalty and villains (恶棍). At school they met a wise man who led them to a treasure—a library of old books with tales more appealing than any they had ever heard.________, the brothers began collecting their own stories, listening to the folktales people told them. Soon they ________ their own treasure--a book of fairy tales that would charm millions in faraway lands for generations to come.

The brother Grimm, Jacob and Wihelm, named their work Children’s and Household Tales and published it in Germany in 1812. The collection, which has been translated into more than 160 languages is a publishing ________. The stories and characters extended beyond the ________, making appearances in various forms of art and culture, from theater to fashion.

Such ________ would have shocked the humble Grimms. During their lifetimes, the book sold few copies in Germany. The early editions were not even ________ children. They had no illustrations, and scholarly footnotes took up almost as much space as the tales themselves. Jacob and Wihelm Grimm viewed themselves as ________ students of folklore. They began their work at a time when Germany had been occupied by the French under Napolean. As young scholars, the brothers Grimms began work on the fairy tale collection in order to save the endangered oral storytelling tradition of Germany.

Long before the Grimms’ time,________ developed in inns, barns, and peasant homes. During winter nights, as they sat spinning wool, women kept each other company and entertained each other with tales of adventure, romance, and magic.________, 40 such storytellers delivered tales to the Grimms, many of them coming to their house in Kassel. Although the brothers implied that they were just ________ the tales, Wilhelm polished and reshaped them up to the final edition of 1857. In an effort to make them more ________ to children and their parents, he stressed the moral of each tale, and emphasized gender roles. According to the Grimms, the collection served as “a manual of ________.” To this day, parents read them to their children because they approve of the lessons in the stories: keep your promises, don’t talk to strangers, work hard, obey your parents.

So what ________ their popularity? Some have suggested it is because the characters are always striving for happiness. But the truth probably lies in their ________. The Grimm’s tales were born out of a storytelling tradition without ________ of age or culture. The brother’s skill was to translate these into a universal style of writing that seems to mirror whatever moods or interests we bring to our reading of them. And so it was that the Grimm’s fairy tales lived happily ever after.

5 . Along with its Nordic neighbours, Sweden features near the top of most gender-equality rankings. The World Economic Forum rates it as having one of the _________ gender gaps in the world.

But Sweden is not only a good place to be a woman: it also appears to be an idyll (田园生活) for new dads. Close to 90% of Swedish fathers take paternity leave (陪产假). Last year some 340,000 dads took a total of 12m days’ leave, _________ to about seven weeks each. Women take even more leave days to spend time with their children, but the gap is _________. Why do Swedish dads take so much time off work to _________ their children?

Forty years ago Sweden became the first country in the world to introduce a gender-neutral paid parental-leave allowance. Benefits were _________ of 90% of wages for 180 days per child, and parents were free to divvy up (分摊) the days between them in whatever way they pleased. But the policy was _________ a hit with dads: in the scheme’s first year men took only 0.5% of all paid parental leave.

Today they take a quarter of it. One reason is that the scheme has become more _________, with the number of paid leave days for the first child being bumped up from 180 to 480. But it has also been _________ to encourage a more equal sharing of the allowance. In 1995 the first so-called “daddy month” was introduced. Under this reform, families in which each parent took at least one month of leave received an additional month to _________ to their total allowance. The policy was expanded in 2002 so that if the mother and father each took at least two months’ leave, the family would get two extra months. Some politicians now want to go further, __________that the current system of shared leave be turned into one of individual entitlements, under which mothers should be allowed to take only half of the family’s allowance, with the rest __________ for fathers.

Policies similar to the Swedish “daddy months” have been introduced in other countries. __________, Germany amended (修正) its parental leave scheme in 2007 along Swedish lines, and within two years the share of fathers who took paid leave jumped from 3% to over 20%. One of the most powerful arguments __________ splitting parental leave more equally is that it has __________ ripple effects (波及效应) for women. Since Swedish men started to take more responsibility for child rearing, women have seen both their incomes and levels of self-reported happiness __________. Paying dads to change nappies and hang out at playgrounds seems to benefit the whole family.

10 . Who cares if people assume that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent _______ changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in _______ use of scarce resources.

The eager embrace of the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on _______. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to _______ their manufacturing sector, with negative consequences for their economies.

Even more worryingly, the _______ with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital _______” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, _______, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less _______ things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centers in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but these donors don’t seem to give priority to people’s _______ needs. Rather, they have rushed into fancy programs without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of ________ uses of their money.

In yet another example, an obsession with the new has led people to believe that the latest changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. ________, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have ________ some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labor and goods, with poor results.

Understanding technological trends is very important for ________ designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the ________ level. However, our blind faith in the latest, and our ________ of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.