1 .

A．She enjoys traveling this summer vacation.

B．She had an unpleasant experience in Sydney.

C．She is considering whether to travel abroad.

D．She speaks highly of her experience last year.

2 . On Jan. 9, 2007, 10 years ago today, Steve Jobs formally announced Apple’s“revolutionary mobile phone”— a device that combined the functionality of an iPod, phone and Internet communication into a single unit, controlled by touch.

As smartphones have proliferated, so have questions about their impact on how we live and how we work. Often the advantages of convenient, mobile technology are both obvious and taken for granted, leaving more subtle topics for concerned discussion: Are smartphones disturbing children’s sleep? Is an inability to get away from work having a negative impact on health? And what are the implications for privacy?

But today, on the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, let’s consider a less obvious advantage: the potential for smartphone technology to revolutionize behavioral science. That’s because a large proportion of the species is in continuous contact with technology that can record key features of an individual’s behavior and environment.

Researchers have already begun to use smartphones in social scientific research, recording people’s activity using the device’s built-in sensors. These studies are confirming, challenging and extending what’s been found using more traditional approaches, in which people report how they behaved in real life or participate in artificial laboratory-based tasks.

One of the studies has used smartphone-based data collection with a built-in sensor to paint an accurate pictures of how mood is affected by a person’s location. The data came from more than 12,000 members of the general public. Twice during the day, they were prompted(促使)to report their mood and location, with location information additionally collected from the phone’s location sensors. Using both kinds of location data, the study found that people reported significantly more positive moods in locations that typically involve social interactions (such as a café or friend’s house) than at home, and more positive moods at home than at work.

Other studies have used sensor data to draw some kinds of inferences. For instance, a study published in 2015 followed 48 students over the course of a 10-week school term. Using a combination of location, activity and audio sensors, the researchers could infer students’ patterns of class attendance, study time, physical activity and socializing. These variables, in turn, predicted student GPA with surprisingly high accuracy.

These studies are just first steps. With more data and better methods for analysis, researchers will be able to identify how different experiences, behaviors and environments relate to each other and evolve over time more accurately. The right combination of data and analysis can also help individuals identify unique characteristics of their own behavior, including conditions that need some form of treatment.

Smartphone-based data collection comes at an opportune time in the evolution of psychological science. Today, the field is moving away from a focus on laboratory studies with undergraduate participants towards more complex, real-world situations studied with more varieties of groups of people. Smartphones offer new tools for achieving these ambitions, offering rich data about everyday behaviors in a variety of contexts.

So here’s another way in which smartphones might transform the way we live and work: by offering insights into human psychology and behavior and, thus, supporting smarter social science.

1. What does the author say about the negative impact of smartphones?

A．It has been overshadowed by the positive impact.

B．It has more often than not been taken for granted.

C．It is not so obvious but has caused some concern.

D．It is subtle but should by no means be overstated.

2. What characterizes traditional psychological research?

A．It is based on huge amounts of carefully collected data.

B．It makes use of the questionnaire method.

C．It is often expensive and time-consuming.

D．It relies on lab observations and participants’ reports.

3. Future psychological studies will benefit individuals by helping them _______.

A．detect their unusual behaviors.

B．maintain a positive state of mind.

C．live their lives in a unique way.

D．cope with abnormal situations.

4. What do we learn about current psychological studies?

A．They are going through a period of painful transition.

B．They are increasingly focused on real-life situations.

C．They are conducted in a more rigorous manner.

D．They are mainly targeted towards undergraduates.

3 . She has become the world’s longest-reigning monarch(在位时间最长的君主), following the death of Thailand’s King Bhumibol Adulyadej on Oct 13.

Now a new TV series called The Crown, which started to air on Nov 4 in the US, is looking back at the time when Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK prepared to take the throne(王位)at a 25-year-old. She would face a series of challenges after she was crowned(加冕)following the unexpected death of her father, George VI, in 1952.

       Ever since she took the throne, the queen has seen her country change dramatically. Yet she has remained a constant presence in British lives. How can a queen, a memory from long ago in most parts of the world, still be so popular in modern Britain.

One answer is that the royal(王室的)family knows how to move with the times. Once upon a time, kings, queens, princes and princesses were distant from everyone. Today, while they still have some of the old mystery, the royals are true celebrities(名人)like famous sports and pop stars. Indeed, they are upper-class celebrities. There are hundreds of Hollywood actors, but there is only one queen of the UK.

Because they are seen so much—in magazines, on TV and on the internet—the royals must now be careful. It is not enough to be famous; one must “deserve” this fame. That’s why the new, younger generations of royals are so important to the royals’ chances of surviving. Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton’s commitment to many good causes has also given the royal family an image it highly needs.

In addition, old-fashioned British eccentricity(古怪)explains why the royals have stayed for so song. “The British monarchy is valued because it is the British monarchy,” the BBC noted. “We are an old and complicated society.”

1. What can we learn about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ from the two paragraphs?

A．She was 25 years old when she became queen in 1952.

B．She was doomed to(注定)take the throne from birth.

C．The TV series The Crown is about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ’s whole life.

D．She is the oldest monarch in the world after Bhumibol Adulyadej.

2. What should new generatic of British royals probably do in order to stay popular, according to the author?

A．Try to become as famous as possible.

B．Shoot some films about the royal family.

C．Keep their distance from common people.

D．Devote themselves to good causes.

3. The author mentions the BBC’s a comment to show that _______.

A．the UK is a strange nation

B．the British value their old traditions a lot

C．British society is too complex to understand

D．the British monarchy is unique in the world

4. The main purpose of the article is to ______.

A．describe the details of the TV series The Crown to readers

B．describe the daily routines of British royals

C．explore the secrets of the popularity of the British monarchy

D．explain the differences between the old and new generations of British royals

4 . Biology is making it clearer that a man’s health and well-being have a measurable impact on his future children’s health and happiness. This is not because a strong, responsible man has a greater ______ of being a good dad—or not only for that reason—or because he’s probably got good genes. Whether a good man’s genes are good or bad(and whatever “good” and “bad” mean in the context)，his children’s bodies and minds will reflect ______ choices he has made over the years, even if he made those choices ______, he ever imagined himself strapping on a baby Bjorn.

Doctors have been telling men for years that smoking, drinking and recreational drugs can lower the ______ of the sperm(精子). What doctors should probably add is that the health of unborn children can be affected by what and how much men eat; the toxins(poisonous substances)they ______, the traumas(unpleasant experiences)they endure, their poverty or powerlessness; and their age at the time of conception(怀孕). ______, what a man needs to know is that his life experience leaves ______ traces on his children. Even more astonishingly, those children may pass those traces along to their children.

Lately scientists have been obsessed with(着迷于)a means of ______ that isn’t genetic but isn’t non-genetic either. It’s epigenetic,“Epi”,in Greek, means “above” or “beyond”. Think of epigenetics as the way our bodies modify their genetic makeup. Epigenetics describes ______ genes are turned on or off, in part through compounds that get on top of DNA—or else jump off it—______ whether it makes the proteins that tell our bodies what to do.

In the past decade or so, the study of epigenetics has become so ______ that it is practically a craze. Psychologists and sociologists particularly like it because gene expression or suppression(抑制)is ______ affected by the ______ and plays at least as large a role as genes do in the development of a person’s characteristics, body shape and tendency to disease. I’ve become obsessed with epigenetics because it ______ me as both game-changing and terrifying. Our genes can be switched on or off by three environmental factors, among other things: what we ingest(food, drink, air, toxins)，what we ______(stress, trauma)，and how long we live.

1.

A．passion

B．likelihood

C．opportunity

D．value

2.

A．lifestyle

B．genetic

C．habitual

D．parental

3.

A．long before

B．long after

C．as long as

D．shortly after

4.

A．quantity

B．quality

C．value

D．size

5.

A．release

B．produce

C．absorb

D．consume

6.

A．Moreover

B．On the contrary

C．In other words

D．On the other hand

7.

A．vital

B．potential

C．distinct

D．biological

8.

A．inheritance

B．growth

C．development

D．breeding

9.

A．where

B．why

C．when

D．how

10.

A．regulating

B．determining

C．defining

D．testing

11.

A．serious

B．popular

C．significant

D．sensitive

12.

A．at the most

B．at the least

C．in general

D．to some degree

13.

A．intelligence

B．culture

C．environment

D．psychology

14.

A．shocks

B．strikes

C．discourages

D．inspires

15.

A．experience

B．suffer

C．support

D．comprehend

5 . Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

When I was a very young man, just beginning to make my way, I was invited to dine at the home of a famous New York philanthropist (慈善家). It was after dinner     1     hostess led us to a large sitting room,     2     other guests were pouring, and my eyes observed two nervous sights: servants were arranging small chairs in long and neat rows; and up front, leaning against the wall, were musical instruments. Apparently I was in for an evening of chamber music.

I use the phrase “in for” because music means     3     to me. I am almost tone deaf — only with great effort     4     I carry the simplest tune, and serious music is to me no more than an arrangement of noises. So I did what I always did when     5    (trap): I sat down, and when the music started, I fixed my face in     6     I hoped was an expression of intelligent appreciation, closed my ears from the inside, and     7    (bury) myself in my own completely irrelevant thoughts.

After a while,     8    (become) aware that the people around me were applauding, I concluded it was safe     9    (unplug) my ears. At once I heard a gentle but surprisingly penetrating voice on my right, “You are fond of Bach?”

I knew as much about Bach as I knew about nuclear fission. But I did know one of the most famous faces in the world,     10     the famous shock of untidy white hair and the ever-present pipe between the teeth. I was sitting next to Albert Einstein.

6 . As Climate Changes, Global Inequality Worsens

Scientists have long predicted that warmer temperatures caused by climate change will have the biggest impact on the world’s poorest, most vulnerable people. New research now indicates that this has already happened over the last several decades.

A study published this May in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that in most poor countries, higher temperatures are more than 90% likely to have resulted in decreased economic output, compared to a world without global warming. Meanwhile, the effect has been less dramatic in wealthier nations - with some even potentially benefiting from higher temperatures.

“We’re not arguing that global warming created inequality,” says Noah S. Diffenbaugh, the author of the study and professor at Stanford University who studies climate change. But “global warming has put a drag on improvement.” The countries most likely to have lost out economically as a result of warmer temperatures have done the least to contribute to the problem, he adds.

Higher temperatures affect economic output in a variety of ways. For example, labor productivity decreases with extreme heat, crops produce lower yields and cognitive functioning declines.

The new study builds on past research, including a landmark report released last fall from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the UN’s climate science body. The report showed that if global temperatures rise more than 1.5℃ by 2099, poor countries will likely face critical challenges, including the destruction of entire communities and millions of premature deaths.

Climate policymakers have tried for years to address the problem of the poorest countries facing the worst effects of rising temperatures. These countries were not generally responsible for global warming. Early attempts at addressing climate change internationally included different expectations for emissions reduction based on each country’s level of development. Poorest countries received more leeway (自由行事的空间) while the richest were set stricter targets.

But in some ways, that approach backfired (起反效果), especially in the U. S. It helped feed the popular narrative that Washington is overpaying for climate change mitigation, while poorer countries are away with doing less. That conservative viewpoint has done some damage. Hardline distinctions between carbon reduction targets for rich and poor countries have been softened in recent years, in favor of a lighter version of what climate change policymakers refer to as “common but differentiated responsibilities.” That principle suggests that richer countries should bear a greater burden in addressing climate change, but remains vague about what that means for concrete policy.

Many of the world’s developing countries have cried foul. “This problem is created somewhere else,” Abdur Rouf Taiukder, Bangladesh’s Finance Scretary, told TIME in a recent interview. “We are spending more on adaptation because we have to live.”

1. Which of the following statement is true about the study published in May?

A．It warned the world about a speedup in global warming.

B．It explained a wider wealth gap between poor and rich countries.

C．It predicted a future where wealthy countries will benefit from climate change.

D．It pointed out that climate change has already caused the least developed countries to suffer.

2. Climate change affects a country’s economy in all of the following ways EXCEPT that it _________.

A．leads to extreme heat that has disastrous effects on agricultural output

B．results in higher temperatures which cause workers to be less productive

C．causes people to become less efficient in learning and other intellectual activities

D．is the direct cause of unbalanced development of the most and least developed countries

3. The underlined word “mitigation” in paragraph 7 probably means _________.

A．description

B．reduction

C．consumption

D．interaction

4. We can infer from the article that _________.

A．climate policymakers from developed countries have reached an agreement on how to address climate change.

B．many Americans are against the uneven division of the responsibility for addressing climate change among countries

C．there has been a lack of clarity in whether the poorest countries should share any of the burdens that climate change has put on the world

D．the less developed countries in the world have refused to spend any money in dealing with climate change

7 . STREET PHOTOGRAPHY

Even if you are not familiar with the work of Elliott Erwitt, you may perhaps have seen some of his iconic work from around the globe. He has had one of the longest careers of any living photographers, spanning over 50 years.

What I most appreciate about Elliott Erwitt is his wry (冷嘲式的) sense of humour when looking at the world - as well as his straightforward philosophies about photography. In this article, I share some of his thoughts and advice.

DONT’T PLAN TOO MUCH - WANDER AROUND

I think that as a street photographer, sometimes I fall into trap of planning too much. I generally try to focus my attention on projects (having a pre-conceived project in mind when shooting in the streets) but I often find it also takes away from the shooting experience. One of the best things about street photography is to be a flaneur — someone who wanders around without specific destination in mind.

ERWITY: I don’t start out with any specific interests, I just react to what I see.

Takeaway point: Let your curiosity lead you. Just go out and shoot whatever you find interesting. Go down rads that may seem a bit foreign, and you might be lucky enough to stumble upon great street photography shots.

FOCUS ON CONTENT OVER FORM

Great photos are a combination of content (what is happening in the frame) as well as form (composition). But what is more important? Content or form?

ERWITT: My wish for the future of photograph is that it might continue to have some relevance to the human condition and might represent work that evokes knowledge and emotions. That photograph has content rather than just form. And I hope that there will be enough produced to balance out the visual garbage that we see in our current life.

Takeaway point: We often find fascinating characters in the street and take photos of them, but the compositions may not be so good. On the other hand, we might take well-composed photos of a street scene, but there is nothing going on in the photo-it is boring and without soul.

I agree with Erwitt that we should, as street photographers, put more emphasis on content over form. I feel that photos that evoke emotions and the human condition are far more powerful and meaningful than just photos with good composition.

DEVELOP YOUR SKILLS OF OBSERVATION

Erwitt was inspired to go out and take pictures when he saw a photograph by master photographer Henri Cartier Bresson. He realized it was an act of observation which made the photo great and that he could do something similar.

ERWITT: The picture seemed evocative and emotional. Also, a simple observation was all that it took to produce it. I thought, if one could make a living out of doing such pictures that would be desirable.

Takeaway point: One of the most beautiful things about street photography is that it doesn’t rely on having an expensive camera or exotic lenses. Rather, it comes down to having an observant and curious eye for people and the world around you. Therefore cultivate your vision and way of seeing the world. I recommend that you always carry a camera with you, because you never know when the best street photo opportunities will present themselves to you.

A fun exercise: Pretend that you are an alien from another planet and you have come to the planet Earth for the first time. Imagine how strange human beings would seem - and the urban environment they have built for themselves. As an alien, what would you find fascinating, amusing or ridiculous?

Always keep that mindset to be amazed by what you see around you.

1. Why shouldn’t street photographs plan much?

A．Planning is too time-consuming.

B．Things always turn out better than planned.

C．Planning much makes others less curious about their work.

D．Wandering around without planning may result in excellent shots.

2. What do you think Elliott Erwitt means by visual garbage ?

A．Photos that one can see in the trash bin.

B．Photos that value form over content.

C．Photos that emphasize content over form.

D．Photos that combine content with form.

3. What does the writer mean when he talks about keeping an alien attitude?

A．Aliens have better skills in photography.

B．Aliens have different outlooks on beautiful thing in life.

C．Photographers should be curious and observant.

D．Photographers should be emotional and imaginative.

8 . With the pandemic under control, China’s film industry is thriving. And it’s doing so without any help from Hollywood.

The country’s box office _________ $775 million over the lasts Lunar New Year weekend - its most ever for a single weekend. Much of that was due to Detective Chinatown 3, a heist comedy made in China, which grossed $424 million _________. That was the biggest opening of all time for a film in a _________ market. Avengers: Endgame only made $357 million during its opening weekend in the US in April 2019.

These massive figures prove the movie business in China is well on its way to _________. Since China began allowing foreign films into the country in 1994, films produced outside of China routinely accounted for more than 40% of the _________ of the Chinese box office. Hollywood is _________ for about a third of the highest-grossing films in China of all time.

But, even before the Covid-19 pandemic, China’s homegrown film industry was growing and depending less and less on Hollywood movies.

As recently as 2017, films produced outside China _________ 46% of the country’s box office revenue. In 2020, with Hollywood all but shutdown, foreign films accounted for just 16% of Chinese box office revenue.

The first few months of 2021 suggest that _________ could continue. Most big-budget Hollywood films have been _________ until later this year - and yet China’s theaters clearly don’t need any of them to have their own success. China’s huge weekend at the box office came even though most of its theaters are still operating at 75% _________. Its impressive totals, _________, may have been helped by the country’s travel restrictions, which kept consumers at home over the holiday.

China first accepted Hollywood films into its country to boost its own film ambitions, hoping the rising _________ created by the US film industry’s funding and expertise could lift all boats. Chinese consumers responded in kind, turning out in droves for films from blockbuster Hollywood franchises like Fast & Furious.

In 2012, China expanded the quota of foreign films allowed into the country to 34 per year. That agreement expired in 2017, and still hasn’t been renewed. With relations between the US and China _________ - and China improving its own ability to produce blockbuster films - China is in no rush to codify a new pact.

If the recent box-office returns are any _________, Chinese audiences are increasingly becoming accustomed to a movie selection that is entirely Chinese. That China’s box office recovered from the pandemic is a _________ sign for the US when its theaters return to some semblance of normal operation later this year. But that China’s box office did this without Hollywood’s assistance is a far more ominous sign for the long term future of the US film industry.

1.

A．generated

B．boosted

C．guaranteed

D．posted

2.

A．for its sake

B．on its own

C．on the increase

D．to some extent

3.

A．single

B．free

C．depressed

D．overseas

4.

A．recovery

B．explosion

C．self-reliance

D．globalization

5.

A．variation

B．allowance

C．making

D．share

6.

A．obligatory

B．rational

C．compulsory

D．responsible

7.

A．consisted of

B．composed of

C．made up

D．piled up

8.

A．fashion

B．trend

C．practice

D．prohibition

9.

A．postponed

B．ceased

C．prescribed

D．disposed

10.

A．capability

B．competence

C．capacity

D．volume

11.

A．however

B．therefore

C．likewise

D．furthermore

12.

A．tribe

B．expectation

C．tide

D．demand

13.

A．on edge

B．in short supply

C．out of service

D．on the margins

14.

A．demonstration

B．contribution

C．indication

D．composition

15.

A．distinct

B．external

C．disturbing

D．promising

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Shawnea Rosser earned upwards of $29 an hour when she worked for General Motors in Dayton, Ohio. But in 2008 the factory closed. Years later the building was bought by Fuyao Group, a Chinese multinational company     1     makes glass. The new American managers promised that the “historic” project would “give people jobs, and give a future to your kids and my kids.” Sounds great.     2     Ms Rosser’s new job paid just $12.84.

The plight of Ms Rosser and her co-workers     3     (capture) in “American Factory”, a documentary released on August 21st by Netflix that explores the tensions that arise from the factory’s foreign ownership. There is discontent among American workers, but the source is unclear. Could it simply reflect the post-crisis reality of American manufacturing work? Or are the different Chinese employment practices     4     (blame)?

A new study offers part of an answer,     5     asking who benefits when foreign investors open up shop. On average, foreign companies in fact pay workers around 25% more than American     6    . But that could be     7     they employ relatively skilled workers. Bradley Setzler and Felix Tintelnot of the University of Chicago match anonymised employee and company tax records to estimate the true wage premium.

The economists look to see     8     happens when American workers move between companies. They find that when someone hops     9     two American-owned companies, their wages barely budge. But when they skip from a domestically     10     (own) one to a foreign one, their wages go up by around 7%. And when they jump from a foreign-owned firm to a domestic one, their wages drop.

10 . As a group of young African immigrants struggle to adapt to life in the United States, an after-school drama program at White Oak Middle school aims to make their lives easier by first making them a little harder.

Project X is a program that uses drama, dance, poetry and other creative outlets to help students discuss the tough and sometimes painful problems they face as preteen immigrants with significant language barriers. A final unveiling of their creation will be performed for friends and family at the end of the year at Imagination Stage.

Wanjiru, Kamau, coordinator of White Oak’s African Club said it’s important to give troubles to group members to help them find their place at the school. “It comforts those who are uncomfortable, and it discomforts those who are comfortable,” Kamau said of Project X.

Kamau teamed up with Imagination Stage after she noticed that many African students seemed uncomfortable talking problems, such as being laughed at by their fellow students about how they look and talk. When most of the kids join the club, they speak little no English, Kamau said. Each week, the club typically draws five to ten students who are originally from Africa for discussion sessions and the Project X program.

“We are going to express ourselves through our words and our actions, and that’s powerful,” said teaching artist Meg Green as she introduced fill-in-the-blank poems the students wrote about their identities.

One students, Frank Ketchouang, 13, wrote, “I am from the world; I am love,” which drew oohs and aahs from the group. Ketchouang has been in the United States for less than a year, said Program Coordinator Chad Dike. When Ketchou and started attending Project X, he had been in the United States for two months and spoke no English. Now he’s one of the group’s most outgoing members and helps translate instructions from English to Creole for the group’s newest member, who is from Haiti.

Many people will give up when there’s a language barrier, “but these students prove them wrong.” Kamau said. “You do have something to give. You are important. When TV, media, ete. are bringing them down, this program is bringing them up.”

1. Project X is intended for helping the young African immigrants to ________.

A．get over language barriers	B．overcome tough problems
C．enrich after-school life	D．become more creative

2. How well the members learn in the Project X program is shown by ________.

A．their annual creative performances	B．their annual scores gained at school
C．the comments of friends and family members	D．the comments of program teachers

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Project X was designed by some African immigrants.

B．At first, the School had a disagreement with the Club.

C．African Children need an outlet for expression of their hatred and misery.

D．TV and media may have a harmful influence upon children.

4. The passage is written mainly to ________.

A．call for more attention to immigrants	B．inspire immigrants never to give up
C．advertise for White Oak’s African Club	D．introduce the Project X program