1 . A Southampton University team found that people who were vegetarian by 30 had recorded five IQ points more on average at the age of 10. Researchers said it could explain why people with a higher IQ were healthier as a vegetarian diet was linked to lower heart disease and obesity（肥胖）rates,. The study of 8,179 was reported in the British medical Journal.

Twenty years after the IQ tests were carried out in 1970s 366 of the participants said they were vegetarian - although more than 100 reported eating either fish or chicken.

Men who were vegetarian had an IQ score of 106, compared with 101 for non-vegetarians; while female vegetarians averaged 104, compared with 99 for non-vegetarians. There was no difference in the IQ score between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarian but reported eating fish or chicken.

Researchers said the findings were partly related to better education and higher class, but it remained statistically（统计地）significant after adjusting for these factors.

Vegetarians were more likely to be female, to be of higher social class and to have higher academic or professional qualifications than non-vegetarians. However, these differences were not reflected in their annual income, which was similar to that of non-vegetarians.

Lead researcher Catharine Gale said, "The finding that children with greater intelligence are more likely to report being, vegetarians than adults, together with the evidence on the potential benefits of a vegetarian diet on heart health, may help to explain why a higher IQ in childhood or adolescence is linked with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease（冠心病）in adult life."

But Dr Frankie Phillips, of the British Djetetic Association, said: "It is like the chicken and the egg. Do people become vegetarian because they have a very high IQ or is it just that they are clever enough to be more aware of health issues?"

1. It was found in the research that________.

A．most of the participants became vegetarians 20 years after the IQ tests were carried out

B．vegetarians who ate fish or chicken were of similar intelligence with strict vegetarians

C．female vegetarians were less likely to have good jobs than male vegetarians.

D．vegetarians were more likely to have a high annual income than male vegetarians

2. Catharine Gale talked about "being vegetarians" in a(n) ________ way.

A．doubtful	B．favorable
C．negative	D．objective

3. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?

A．Intelligence is linked to not just being a vegetarian but to many factors.

B．The rate of getting heart disease is linked to your lifestyle preferences.

C．The link between a high IQ and being a vegetarian is still uncertain.

D．The link between a healthy heart and diet remains unsolved.

4. What's the best title for the next?

A．Get more IQ points!

B．Be a vegetarian, please!

C．Vegetarian diet cuts heart risk.

D．A high IQ is linked to being vegetarian to some extent.

2 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

FANG HUSHENG is a bright, lively, 82-year-old woman from Beijing     1     is learning to use a smart-phone ... but it's been    2     struggle. "Technology advances so fast. What is supposed to make life    3     (easy) is now creating problems for us old people," she says.

Fang grew up in a simpler age    4     you had to actually leave your house to shop, buy a train ticket or    5     (make) a doctor's appointment. Now all of these things can be done with a smart- phone and, in some cases, only with a smart-phone. Recently an elderly man in Dalian was unable to travel on the subway    6     his QR health code needed    7     (scan) to enter the subway. "What is a QR code?" the man asked. "I have money to buy a ticket, why do I need a smart-phone?" In the end, he left the station,     8     (feel) confused and embarrassed.

Many older people have physical and health issues. Poor eyesight makes reading characters on small screen difficult. And "leathery fingers" (it means their fingers are less sensitive) make    9     hard to use touch screens. Perhaps these are problems that smart-phone makers     10     try to resolve.

3 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. portraits	B. resistance	C. mixed	D. forgotten	E. concerns	F. drafts
G. explores	H. alternatives	I. criticizes	J. regarding	K. inspired

The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily     1     the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his crazy passion and obsession for the beautiful former lover Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's masterpiece, the Great Gatsby     2     themes of degradation, idealism,     3     to chance and social conflicts, creating     4     of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties described as a warming tale     5     the American Dream.

Fitzgerald-     6     by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island's north shore - began planning the novel in 1923, desiring to produce, in his words, "something new - something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and elaborately patterned." Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his     7     following a move to the French Riviera in 1924. His editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the next winter. Fitzgerald repeatedly hesitated about the book's title and he considered a variety of     8    , including titles that referenced the Roman character Trimalchi o; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red, White and Blue.

First published in April 1925, the Great Gatsby received     9     reviews and sold 20,000 copies in its first year. Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work     10    . However, the novel experienced a revival during World War II, and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades. Today, the Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a competitor for the title "Great American Novel".

4 . The Science Behind Why We Take Selfies

The selfie has arguably become the greatest photographic trend of our time. Why are we so interested in taking and sharing selfies and how does observing an image of yourself differ from observing a picture of someone else, asks University College London neuroscientist James Kilner.

    1     Indeed, reading and responding correctly to other people’s facial expressions is essential for successful social interactions.

Through our lifetimes we become experts at recognizing and interpreting other people's faces and fanical expressions. In contrast we have very little experience of looking at our own faces.

Our perception of our own facial expression comes from our sense of feeling our faces move.     2     For example, it has been demonstrated that when people are shown an image of themselves and asked to match it they are unable to accurately produce the same facial expression without being able to see themselves.

    3     When people are asked to pick a photograph which they think looks most like them—from a series of photographs in which an actual photograph has been digitally altered to produce more attractive and less attractive versions—people are very bad at selecting the original photograph.

Given that we have a poor representation of what we look life, this is perhaps unsurprising.    4    .

In other words, we have an image of ourselves that tends to be younger and more attractive than we actually are.

This might in part explain our obsession with selfies. For the first time we are able to take and retake pictures, of ourselves until we can produce an image that comes to matching our perception of what we think we look like.

A．Another reason why people like to take selfies is that people can digitally alter the image to look more attractive.

B．In everyday social situations we spend a lot of our time looking at and interpreting other people’s faces and facial expressions.

C．Kilner said that taking selfies has more to do with one’s facial expressions than one’s face.

D．This lack of visual knowledge about our own faces means we have a very inaccurate representation of what our own faces look like at any given time.

E．This lack of knowledge about what we look like has a profound effect on what we think we look like.

F．What is surprising is that people systematically choose images that have been digitally altered to make the person appear more attractive.

5 . Launched in 2010, iQiyi has grown used to the foreign press calling it “the Netflix of China.” Not the worst nickname, given the video-streaming pioneer's success. But Gong Yu, iQiyi's founder and boss, insists that his firm is more accurately _________ as “Netflix plus.” A bold claim for a loss-making business worth one-fifteenth as much as America's (cash-generating) entertainment powerhouse with a market value of $214 bn. Still, Mr Gong has a_________.

Like Netflix, iQiyi offers customers a catalogue of licensed and original content. Unlike Netflix, which relies almost entirely on subscription fees, iQiyi has _________ revenue streams. “Membership fees,” which start from 19.8 yuan ($2.87) a month, _______ just over half of iQiyi's 7.4 bn yuan in revenues in the second quarter. The rest came mainly from an online store (which sells “entertainment-related merchandise), mobile-gaming, an e-book business and advertisements: iQiyi operates a “freemium” model which allows users to stream some content free of charge _________ that they agree to watch ads.

Conveniently for iQiyi, which does little business outside its home market, Netflix is blocked in China, under laws that _________ a lot of foreign content. But that is not to say that China is free from the streaming wars of the sort between Netflix and rivals like Disney, HBO and NBC Universal.

Far from it. Mr Gong is _________ Tencent Video, which overtook iQiyi at the end of June with 114m video subscribers to iQiyi's 105m (see chart) . Mr Gong's firm lost 14m subscribers in the most recent quarter while Tencent Video, which also runs a freemium model and_________subscribers 20 yuan a month, added Zin. Tencent Video offers a richer selection of English-language _________, including hit television series like Chernobyl and Silicon Valley. More important, the rivalry between Tencent Video and iQiyi is the war between mighty Tencent and ____________ Baidu, a search firm that is iQiyi's majority owner.

____________, as Westerners who pay for a few video subscriptions can prove, streaming is not a zero-sum game. Gigi Zhou of BOCOM International, a broker, believes the Chinese market will soon be big enough to ____________ both iQiyi and Tencent Video, which also has yet to make money. Ms Zhou expects 400m Chinese to subscribe to video-streaming platforms by 2023, up from some 300m in 2019. So long as no new rival ____________, each firm could capture around 150m, helping them spread costs over more subscribers and so turn a profit.

Before streaming peace can break out, iQiyi faces another fight. On August 13th it said it was under ____________ by America's Securities and Exchange Commission after a short-seller accused it of cooking sales data, a charge it ____________. If found guilty, it may have to delist from New York's Nasdaq exchange. The firm's stable share price implies that investors' faith in battle-hardened Mr Gong remains unshaken.

1.

A．called

B．described

C．recognized

D．related

2.

A．point

B．position

C．proposal

D．purpose

3.

A．major

B．mature

C．multiple

D．mysterious

4.

A．accounted for

B．added to

C．covered up

D．took the place of

5.

A．given

B．in case

C．on condition

D．despite the fact

6.

A．approve

B．ban

C．punish

D．revise

7.

A．battling

B．beating

C．benefiting

D．blaming

8.

A．charges

B．collects

C．earns

D．pays

9.

A．comment

B．competitor

C．contact

D．content

10.

A．fading

B．faking

C．fainting

D．following

11.

A．Moreover

B．Otherwise

C．Still

D．Therefore

12.

A．supply

B．survive

C．sustain

D．swallow

13.

A．emerges

B．endures

C．exists

D．expands

14.

A．investigation

B．pressure

C．question

D．threat

15.

A．denies

B．declines

C．neglects

D．refuses

6 . From Oxford’s quads to Harvard Yard and many a steel and glass palace of higher education in between, exams are given way to holidays. As students consider life after graduation, universities are _______ questions about their own future. The higher education model of lecturing, cramming and examination has barely _______ for centuries. Now, three disruptive waves are threatening to shake established ways of teaching and learning.

On one front, a funding _______ has created a shortage of fund that the universities brightest brains are struggling to solve. Institutions’ costs are rising, _______ pricey investments in technology, teachers’ salaries and increasing administrative costs. That comes as governments conclude that they can no longer afford to subsidize universities as _______ as they used to. American colleges, in particular, are under pressure: some analysts predict mass bankruptcies within two decades.

At the same time, a(n) _______ revolution is challenging higher education’s business model. A(n) _______ in online learning, much of it free, means that the knowledge once a lucky few had access to has been released to anyone with a smartphone or laptop. These _______ and technological disruptions coincide with a third great change: whereas universities used to educate only a tiny elite, they are now _______ training and retraining workers throughout their careers. How will they ________ this storm—and what will emerge in their place if they don’t?

The universities least likely to lose out to online competitors are elite institutions with established reputations and low student-to-tutor ratios. That is ________ news for the Ivy League, which offer networking opportunities to students alongside a degree. Those colleges might profit from expanding the ratio of online learning to classroom teaching, lowering their costs while still offering the prize of a college education conducted partly on campus.

The most vulnerable, according to Jim Lerman of Kean University in New Jersey, are the “middle-tier institutions, which produce America's teachers, middle managers and administrators.” They could be ________ in greater part by online courses, he suggests. So might weaker community colleges, although those which cultivate connections to local employers might yet prove resilient (有弹力的).

Since the first wave of massive online courses launched in 2012, an opposition has focused on their ________ and commercial uncertainties. Yet if critics think they are immune to the march of the MOOC, they are almost certainly wrong. Whereas online courses can quickly________ their content and delivery mechanisms, universities are up against serious cost and efficiency problems, with little changes of taking more from the public purse.

Without the personal touch, higher education could become “an icebound, petrified (石化的) cast-iron university.” That is what the new wave of high-tech courses should not become. But as a(n) ________ to an overstretched, expensive model of higher education, they are more likely to prosper than fade.

1.

A．answering

B．facing

C．settling

D．guessing

2.

A．reviewed

B．existed

C．substituted

D．changed

3.

A．situation

B．trend

C．crisis

D．relief

4.

A．owing to

B．apart from

C．except for

D．rather than

5.

A．patiently

B．generously

C．naturally

D．ignorantly

6.

A．technological

B．professional

C．educational

D．geographical

7.

A．difference

B．emphasis

C．harmony

D．explosion

8.

A．fundamental

B．administrative

C．financial

D．psychological

9.

A．responsible for

B．eager for

C．curious about

D．enthusiastic about

10.

A．observe

B．chase

C．witness

D．survive

11.

A．shocking

B．good

C．annoying

D．neutral

12.

A．promoted

B．replaced

C．maintained

D．marketed

13.

A．failure

B．projects

C．innovation

D．progress

14.

A．resist

B．release

C．adjust

D．resemble

15.

A．object

B．relation

C．implication

D．alternative

7 . In the eighteenth century, Japan's feudal overlords (封建领主), from the shogun (幕府将军) to the humblest samurai (武士), found themselves under financial stress. In fact, this stress can be attributed to the overlords' failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlord's control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords' income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers (佃户), failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlord's income resulted almost as much from inefficiencies among their tax collectors as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increases in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put an overlord in debt to the city rice-Otraders who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.

It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan's central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his land, the government too was suffering. Therefore, the Tokugawa (德川幕府) shoguns began to look for other sources of revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further expansion was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.

Most of the country's wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun's burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by collecting forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were not fixed in amount and irregular in timing, they were high in yield (投资收益) . Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shogun's efforts to pay off debts for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed earnings to make ends meet.

1. Which of the following could best replace the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 2?

A．The importance of commerce in feudal Japan

B．The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth - century Japan

C．The difficulties involved in increasing government income by other means

D．The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself in pulling themselves out of debt.

2. According to the passage, the actions taken by the Tokugawa shoguns to pay off their debts for the government were regrettable because those actions ______.

A．raised the cost of living by pushing up prices

B．did not succeed in reducing government spending

C．resulted in the exhaustion of deposits of silver and gold

D．were far lower in yield than had originally been expected

3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in the passage?

A．Warmly approving	B．Mildly sympathetic.
C．Bitterly disappointed	D．Profoundly shocked.

4. The passage is most probably taken from ______.

A．a book on the economic history of Japan

B．a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan

C．an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales

D．an essay comparing Japanese and Western feudalism

8 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. adjusting；B. casual；C. crawl；D. handle；E. interpret；F. limiting G. lower；H. minimal；I. pooling；J. rough；K. spray

Your body avoids overheating by taking advantage of a bit of physics: When water evaporates from a surface, it leaves the surface cooler. When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat. This effect can actually     1     the temperature of your skin to below the air temperature. This allows humans to survive in places where the air temperature is as high as human body temperature - as long as we keep drinking water to produce more sweat.

If there's a lot of moisture in the air, then evaporation slows to a(n)    2    , because water condenses (凝结) onto your skin almost as fast as the moisture evaporates off it. When you feel sticky from sweat     3     on your skin, it means your body is struggling to evaporate water fast enough to keep you cool.

I asked Zachary Schlader, a researcher at Indiana University who studies how our bodies     4    extreme heat, about the hottest temperature a normal human could tolerate under ideal conditions. His 2014 study found that a person who is at rest, wearing     5     clothing, in a very dry room—10 percent relative humidity - and drinking water constantly could probably avoid overheating in temperatures as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46℃) .

The     6     factor for our heat tolerance is sweat—how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates. If you kept your skin wet with a steady     7     of water, and sat in front of a powerful fan, you could increase the evaporation rate and keep your skin cool in even higher temperatures.

Models of human thermoregulation like the one in the 2014 paper don't usually cover such extreme conditions, but I tried     8     their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind. The results suggested that, with the help of a pool of water and a powerful fan, a human could conceivably tolerate heat of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60℃) in air with 10 percent humidity.

That seemed awfully high, so I ran the number by Dr. Schlader. “Doing some    9    calculations, I come up with a similar number,” he said, “Honestly, I was surprised.” But, he added, these models are likely not reliable at such extremes. “I would     10     such findings with caution.”

9 . Six Best Places for ________ in Paris

Le Closerie des Lilas This restaurant/cafe/brasserie is a true literary location. On the terrace, F. Scott Fitzgerald apparently first revealed the manuscript for The Great Gatsby to Ernest Hemingway. This spot in Montparnasse was also frequented by Paul Verlaine, Max Jacob and Henry Miller, among others. 171 Boulevard du Montparnasse

Les Deux Magots Located in Saint-Germain-des-Pres on the Left Bank, Les Deux Magotx gets a mention in Nabokov's novel Lolita. It was also frequented by such heavyweights as Albert Gamus, James Joyce, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway. Even Julia Child liked the food enough to plant herself at one of its famed outdoor tables. Today, tables are occupied by tourists instead of typists, but it's worth paying a few euros for a coffee here. 6 Place Saint-Germain Des Pres

Pere Lachaise Cemetery Perhaps the world's most famous resting place, Pere Lachaise is the home of Marcel Proust and Oscar Wilde, among scores of other famous people buried here. Singer and 'poet' Jim Morrison is, of course, famously six feet under in this verdant (郁郁葱葱的), ambient cemetery as well. 8 Boulevard de Menilmontant

Polidor Ernest Hemingway, Paul Verlaine, James Joyce, Victor Hugo, Henry Miller, Arthur Rimbaud and Jack Kerouac all enjoyed classic French dishes like steak, beef Bourguignon, steak tartare, escargot, and foie gras at this sixth-arrondissement restaurant. In the 2011 Woody Allen film, Midnight in Paris, the protagonist meets Hemingway and Salvador Dali here. 41 Rue Monsieur Le Prince

Bar Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald used to put 'em back at this fashionable and expensive bar in the Ritz. Musician Cole Porter would spend hours nursing cocktails at the bar and even composed a tune or two here. And, of course, the bar's namesake. Mr Ernest Hemingway, was a regular and even likened the drinking space to heaven. He also mentions the bar in The Sun Also Rises. 15 Place Vendome

Shakespeare & Company Since 1951, this Left Bank bookshop has been a central meeting point for the city's English-language lovers of great literature. It's also attracted many legendary writers as well. Williams Burroughs, Anais Nin, James Baldwin, Henry Miller, Paul Auster, Martin Amis and Zadie Smith, among countless others, have shopped for books or participated in literary events here. 37 Rue de la Bucherie

1. Your friend Jenny plans to go to Paris for travelling and she is a big fan of the famous movie director Woody Allen. Which place would you recommend that she visit?

A．171 Boulevard du Montparnasse	B．41 Rue Monsieur Le Prince
C．8 Boulevard de Menilmontant	D．37 Rue de la Bucherie

2. Earnest Hemingway was a regular to the following places except ________.

A．Pere Lachasise Cemetery	B．Les Deux Magots
C．Bar Hemingway	D．Polidor

3. Which of the following phrases best complete the title?

A．Literature Lovers	B．Experienced Tourists
C．Cuisine Enthusiasts	D．History Researchers

10 . Last week, a team of Harvard researchers announced they were on the brink of creating a hybrid woolly mammoth-elephant embryo, the next step on the long road to resurrecting (使复活) the pre-hsitoric creatures. As we move steadily closer to being able to bring extinct species or something, closely resembling them-to life through genetic engineering, some scientists say the technology could prove a valuable, much-needed conservation tool.

But a new economic analysis suggests that bringing back extinct species may detract from, rather than add to, conservation efforts. “Given this atmosphere of a biodiversity crisis and limited resources, we really need to do the best job we possibly can, ” says Joseph Bennett, a biologist at Carleton University in Ottawa and lead author of the study. “If de-extinction represents a gain in biodiversity, that's great. If it represents a Pvrrhic victory in that we could have better spend those resources to save species on their way to extinction, that's essentially a one step forward, two steps back scenario."

The study, published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, used data from New South Wales, Australia, and New Zealand to consider the cost of sustaining de-extincted populations under two scenarios. In the first scenario, a private agency funds the resurrection of an extinct species, then hands the responsibility of caring for the revived population over to the government. In the second, a private agency pays for the entire project, covering the costs of both resurrection and maintenance.

The results, researchers found, showed no good sign for endangered, living species. Under the first scenario, the cost of maintaining the de-extincted species was taken directly from the governments' already limited conservation budget, resulting in an overall loss for biodiversity: Roughly two species would go extinct for every one resurrected, the team concluded. The second scenario produced a small increase in biodiversity, particularly for species that would require the same conservation tools and techniques already being used to protect endangered animals.

But the greatest hypothetical gains for biodiversity, the study said, came when the money required for de-extinction was instead put toward existing conservation programs for living species. In this scenario, roughly two to eight times more species were saved.

Bennett and his team aren't the first to question whether de-extinction would help or hurt conservation efforts. Other scientists have argued that harnessing the technology to bring back extinct species, or something closely resembling them, could take away momentum from the push to protect endangered animals and give property developers an excuse to build over their natural habitats.

1. As indicated in Paragraph I, it seems that some scientists ________.

A．take a vain pride in their conservation tool.

B．think highly of the conservation technology.

C．show greater interest in the prehistoric creatures.

D．are pessimistic about bringing back extinct species.

2. The phrase “a Pyrrhic victory” (Para.2) implies

A．rewarding	B．thankless
C．fruitless	D．harmful

3. The researchers have eventually found in their study that ________.

A．de-extinction may not help conservation efforts.

B．the government assumes part of responsibility

C．the cost of maintenance outweighs that of revival.

D．extinction poses a greater threat to biodiversity.

4. The author seems to be mainly concerned with the protection of ________.

A．sustained biodiversity.	B．endangered animals
C．private properties	D．extinct species.