1 . Who is to blame for the shapes of our noses?

If you are not satisfied with the shape of your nose, blame it on climate, not your parents or grandparents. In a study published this week in the journal PLOS Genetics, researchers from the Pennsylvania State University found that human noses may have been shaped, in part, by a long process of adaptation to local climate conditions.     1    .

The findings were based on an examination of the size and shape of noses on people with West African, South Asian, East Asian, or Northern European ancestry. It showed that the width of the nostrils is strongly related to temperature and absolute humidity (绝对湿度), but not the result of genetic drift (遗传漂变).

One purpose of the nose is to condition the air we breathe, to ensure that it is warm and moist when it reaches the lungs, which helps to prevent infections.     2    which was probably more essential to have this trait in cold and dry climates, it said.

People with narrower nostrils probably had better and had more offspring than people with wider nostrils, in colder climates.    3    . The nose has had a complex evolutionary history, however, and researchers suspected that additional factors, such as cultural preferences when picking a mate, have also pl played a role in shaping the nose.     4    . Studies of human adaptation are essential to our understanding of disease and yield insights into why certain conditions, such as skin cancer, are more common in certain populations.

The researchers said that it may be worth investigating whether the shape of the nose impacts ones risk of contracting breathing diseases when living in a climate that is different from one's ancestors.

A．This leads to a gradual decrease in nose width in populations living far away from the equator (赤道)

B．Wider nostrils (鼻孔) seem to warm and humidify the inside of nose better to protect us from being infected

C．Narrower nostrils seem to alter the airflow so that noses can humidify and warm the air more efficiently

D．Generally, wider noses are more common in warm and humid climates, while narrower noses are more common in cold and dry climate

E．This can clearly explain why our ancestors aren’t to blame for the nose shapes and sizes

F．Investigations into nose shape evolution and climate adaptation may have medical implications as well

2 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.

A. diverse            B. dominance            C. cracks            D. core            E. schedule            F. application G. landmark        H. promote          I. alternative            J. echoes            K. connectivity

China's BeiDou System Prepared for Serving Whole World

China launched the last satellite of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) on June 23, marking the completion of the country's homegrown orbital navigation network in a(n)     1    step towards the peaceful exploration of space.

The BeiDou network, a major infrastructure domestically constructed and operated, can better meet the demands of China's national security, economic as well as social development. It can also provide more stable and reliable services, as well as a(n)     2     to the U.S.-owned Global Positioning System(GPS) for global users.

Given the national security concerns due to GPS's     3    ,China has not been the only nation in the world to have striven to develop its own satellite navigation system.Thus one of the BDS's primary principles has been local innovation. The key components as well as     4     technologies and software of the BDS have all been independently developed and manufactured by China itself. Such an independent drive in the field of scientific and technological research and development     5     the very spirit that had been pursued by many Chinese scientists who had once dedicated themselves to the "Two Bombs, One Satellite" project when China had been under nuclear threat by some of the world's major powers.

After 26 years of difficult work, the BDS has now earned a global reputation for its high-accuracy service and various service capabilities. According to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, the services provided by BeiDou are already helping to     6    social and economic development around the world.

Indeed, the BDS-based solutions have already been successfully adopted in     7    field as land registration, precise agriculture, digital construction and the monitoring and management of vehicles and ships. Also, the BDS-enabled products have already been exported to more than 100 countries, providing users with a variety of choices and an enhance     8     experience.

Thousands of years ago, the Chinese invented the compass, which had made long-range voyages on rough and vast seas possible, helping to give directions in the Age of Discovery.

Today, the BDS network is prepared to promote an even stronger global     9    in this age of globalization, helping countries worldwide to     10     their own courses towards a better future.

3 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

How to Sell Books in 2020: Put Them Near the Toilet Paper

If you want to sell books during a pandemic, it turns out that one of the best places to do it is within easy reach of eggs, milk and diapers.

When the coronavirus forced the United States into lockdown this spring, stores like Walmart and Target, which     1    (think) essential, remained open. So when anxious consumers were stocking up on beans and pasta, they were also grabbing workbooks, paperbacks and novels,     2     (push) the book sales up to a new level.

Warehouse stores do not generally reveal how much they sell of particular products, but people across the publishing industry say that sales     3     (increase) at these stores significantly, with perhaps the greatest rise at Target. In some cases, according to publishing executives, books sales tripled or quadrupled.

Some grocery chains and pharmacies saw an increase, too, even     4     books are far from the core of what they offer.

Stores like Target,     5    had the advantage of being open, were also able to step in when Amazon pulled back on delivering some products, like books and toys, so it     6    prioritize essential household goods and medical supplies.

“Covid-19 and the government stimulus check have increased the demand     7     books in a big way, particularly on the adult books side,” Leigh Stidham, a Walmart spokeswoman, said in an email. The fiction genre is strong despite some new title releases being pushed back to later in the year. Also, educational book sales have increased significantly since day cares and schools have been shut down.

The question for publishers is     8    this rise will continue. Have buyers been reconditioned to pick up books in different places, or will they go back to their old habits when running errands feels     9     (anxious)? Mr. Abboud of ReaderLink said the sales were expected     10    (fall), but not to previous levels. In the meantime, there are those who are starting to venture back out.

4 . 近来，一系列“拍照搜题”的软件大受学生的欢迎，这些只要拍照就能搜到解题思路和答案的“神器”却让许多家长和老师犯了愁。你的学校对于学生使用这些学习软件开展了一次调查，下图是调查结果。请你就此写一篇文章，必须包括以下内容：
1.简要描述图表；
2.分析该现象，并谈谈你的看法。

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5 . A Mountain But not a Volcano

On September 20th the Bank of International Settlements (BIS), the central banks' central bank, released data showing that corporate borrowing around the world remains at an all time high. A notable ______ is in China, where there is even more business borrowing as a share of GDP than in Japan at the peak of its bubble-related borrowing fever in the 1990s. But it is high everywhere. Corporate ______ in the rich world stood at 102% of GDP at the end of March, compared with 92% before the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic. Could high levels of debt ______ the recovery in advanced economies?

Many regulators were sounding the ______ about elevated company debt even before the covid19 pandemic. Since then, the hit to firm's incomes has led to a wave of rating downgrades: between March 2020 and March 2021, Fitch, a ratings agency, ______ 460 firms, or almost 20% of its corporate portfolio. While defanlts (违约) have eased this year as economies have recovered, many firms will be ______ by higher levels of debt for years to come. Even if interest rates remain ______, this "debt overhand" could affect their willingness to invest or to hire new staff.

Intriguingly, however, aftereffects from corporate debt booms rarely cause significant economic damage, even if ______ themselves suffer when firms default. A recent paper by Moritz Schularick, of the University of Bonn, and several co-authors, examines data on business cycles for 17 advanced countries over more than a century, and compares corporate debt bursts with those associated with ______ borrowing (like the 200809 financial crisis).

The authors argue that lenders often have a/an ______ to restructure old corporate loans, reducing the risk of "zombie" companies persisting, and freeing up finance to support the next recovery. For household debt, however, restructuring thousands of ______ loans is often impossible, and lenders may be more inclined to keep the loans on their books in the hope that house prices eventually ______. The risks to the economy are higher after commercial property bursts than for corporate debt where lenders mainly have their eyes on firm's cash flows. This is one reason why the property-related debt depression in China are potentially disturbing.

In much of the rich world, there are reasons to be ______ optimistic. The largest lenders are in much better health than in 2008. All of the major ______ authorities, carried out stress tests during 2020, using macroeconomic scenarios much more severe than have actually came out, but their banking systems were able to absorb large corporate losses and carry on lending. And the parts of the economy that have had the toughest time during the pandemic only account for a relatively small share of corporate debt. For example, the BIS projects that ______ will increase in the hospitality industry (酒店餐饮业) over the coming years, but they note that the sector only accounts for between 1.5% and 8% of corporate credit in the nine major economies they model.

There will be a mountain of corporate debt in many countries for some time. But that dos not mean the recovery will necessarily falter (衰退).

1.

A．situation

B．influence

C．case

D．initiative

2.

A．contribution

B．losses

C．investment

D．debt

3.

A．threaten

B．follow

C．stimulate

D．sustain

4.

A．signal

B．bell

C．alarm

D．whistle

5.

A．downgraded

B．updated

C．eliminated

D．licenced

6.

A．justified

B．burdened

C．isolated

D．shrunk

7.

A．predictable

B．high

C．low

D．stable

8.

A．creditors

B．borrowers

C．companies

D．investors

9.

A．regional

B．local

C．municipal

D．household

10.

A．imagination

B．virtuality

C．intention

D．diversity

11.

A．collective

B．individual

C．corporate

D．business

12.

A．drop

B．plunge

C．recover

D．persist

13.

A．cautiously

B．overwhelmingly

C．roughly

D．informally

14.

A．concerned

B．provincial

C．regulatory

D．political

15.

A．bankrupcy

B．defaults

C．impact

D．extension

6 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. division B. submits C. range D. Naturally E. suppliers F. unopposed G. commercial H. potential I. dominated J. Therefore   K. head

When Yoshino akira, a Japanese chemist, worked on rechargeable batteries in the 1980s, it was with a view to powering portable devices. His Nobel prize-winning research led to the first     1     lithiumion (Lion) battery. These now power everything from smartphones to electric vehicles (EVS). But the Japanese firms that, building on Mr Yoshino's work,     2     the Lion business early on have lost their edge. CATL, China's battery giant, and the energy arm of LG, a South Korean group, have surpassed Japan's Panasonic as the world's largest     3     of EV batteries. Others are catching up in the production of materials and components.

Japanese battery-makers want to regain their rightful place at the     4     of the pack. To do so they are betting on solid-sate batteries. These still shuttle lithiunions between the anode (阳极) and the cathode (阴极) to charge and discharge, but the electrolyze (电解液) where this shutting happens is solid not liquid. That makes the batteries more stable and potentially more powerful. It also avoids the need for bulky cooling systems, required for fast-charging Lion systems. Cars equipped with solid-state batteries could be lighter, which increases     5    .

Japan     6     more battery-tech patents a year than any other country; second ranked South Korea files half as many. Japanese firms and inventors accounted for more than one in two solid-state-related patents between 2014 and 2018. More are coming. Industrial and chemicals firms, of which Japan has plenty, are preparing for the materials needed to bring the technology to market.

Murata, a big manufacturer which bought Sony's battery     7     in 2017, plans to begin mass-producing smaller solid-state batteries this autumn. Nakajima Norio, Murata's boss, sees "lots of     8     in wearables", since the batteries do not bum or get hot (which is hwy they are already used in things like pacemakers). Honda and Nissan, two other carmakers, are also eyeing the technology.

    9    , if making solid-state batteries were easy, manufacturers would be mass-producing them. It isn't. Water stains the materials, so factories must be kept ultra-day. Mitsui Kinzoku, an engineering firm, has been testing mass production of solid electrolytes and found that it is "indeed a very difficult process", in the words of Takahashi Tsukass, who is involved in the project.

Even if they can get the technology right, Japanese firms are not running     10    , as they had seen in Liion's early days. Most big carmakers, including Ford, Hyundai and Volkswagen, have solid-state cars in the works. They may want to make the batteries themselves. That's some solid competition.

7 . Is there a need to rebuild the Old Summer Palace? In reply to such a proposal from a national lawmaker, the National Cultural Heritage Administration said there was no such need.

The Summer palace on the outskirts of China’s capital is a tranquil park with canals, bridges, pagodas, ginkgo tone ruins, and a few traditional buildings. Despite still covering a large area, the site today represents only a shadow of what stood before.The ruins have long been a potent symbol of China's"humiliation"at the hands of foreign powers.

In 1860, British and French troops looted and burned the Summer Palace in response to the killings of 20 European emissaries during the Second Opium War: Forty years later, it was further damaged by a coalition of foreign nations. Historian Bernard Brizay described these acts of cultural destruction as equivalent to invaders blowing up the Palace of Versaille (凡尔赛宫), looting thousands' of priceless artworks from the Louvre((卢浮宫), and burning France's national library to the ground。

Since rebuilding the Old Summer Palace was first proposed in 1980, there has been an ongoing public debate about whether its ruins should be left to stand as a permanent reminder of China's dark history. The state-run newspaper Guangming Daily called the remains of the Summer Palace "the most realistic teaching materials" for instilling a patriotic education. "Though humiliating, they cause people to think, "an author wrote. “They use a cruei reality to tell all Chinese people: Those who fall behind are struck down, while the strong rise and prosper.”

Those in the rebuild camp want to recapture old glory, but they don't understand the importance of cultural relics. A ruin like Yuan Ming Yuan is a historical record. In this case the history includes its destruction by fire. If you rebuild, you erase the record.

1. What does the underlined word"shadow"mean in paragraph 2?

A．The dark shape that the palace made on the ground

B．The strong and bad influence of the palace

C．The shame that the palace suffered from its history

D．The inseparable follower of the palace

2. Why are the Palace of Versailles and the Louvre mentioned in paragraph 3?

A．To imply that they are also cultural heritage

B．To contrast Chinese palace with French palace

C．To report these palaces were destroyed severely

D．To indicate the damage to the Summer Palace was unbearable

3. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?

A．The authorities have made specific comments on the lawmaker's proposal.

B．The European troops destroyed the palace in revenge for their loss of emissaries.

C．The palace is a living textbook as a negative example.

D．The disgrace of what the palace experienced shakes people' love for the country.

4. What is the author most likely to agree with?

A．Rebuilding palace won't hide scars.

B．Reproducing the palace history is humiliating.

C．Bringing back the palace's glory can be expected.

D．Whether the palace should be rebuilt remains to be seen.

8 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A.fascination   B.luxury   C.adventurers     D. snow-capped   E.significantly   F.accessible G. hopefully   H. vast   I.draw   J.tempted     K.accommodate

Few countries have such a diverse and appealing“ Outdoors” as the USA. The landscape is     1     varied and spectacular. In the west there are Rocky Mountains with their     2     peaks, and in the east the forest-covered Appalachians, whose highest

summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is also an abundance of waterfalls, rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or     3     like the Great Lakes. In winter and spring, tourists are     4     by the clear skies and breathtaking multi-colored rocks of Arizona,Colorado and New Mexico.

Everything worth seeing in the USA is     5     to picnickers and vacationers by highways and unpaved secondary roads, which     6     people to places from where where they can push off onto the wilderness. Once in the wilderness,the chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost!

Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles called"campers”. There exist many different kinds from the extremely extravagant to the cheap convertible pick-up truck. There are monster campers with every imaginable     7    , from deep freezers and microwave ovens, to plush carpets and color television sets.They can     8     four people comfortably.

Horseback riding also holds a     9     for many but it's a more expensive sport.There are ranches in Texas and other border states where you can stay and live the life of a cowboy or cowgirl. Other great outdoor pastimes for     10     can be skiing in the Rockies and hunting in Alaska, surfing, waterskiing in Florida.

9 . Directions: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Natural perfume or artificial perfume?

The use of perfume dates back to earliest times. The ancient Egyptians perfumed the bricks used to build their houses and temples, and wore perfumed fat in their hair.

These days, consumer demand for perfumed products is intense. In the home, from washing-up liquid to paper tissues, soap to shoe polish, fragrance is the common ingredient. Artificial leather is perfumed to make it smell like the real thing, and in Japan, some companies spray perfume through building’s air-conditioning system at key times of the working day.

To meet the demands of the perfume industry, scientific developments have made the companies use substitutes for some natural ingredients. Scientists have also discovered that natural and artificial materials are highly complementary and are acceptable to the consumer. Even the most expensive perfumes are in fact compounds of both natural and artificial ingredients. The French perfume manufacturers were among the first to blend artificial compound when they made the famous perfume Chanel No. 5 in 1923.

Producing natural oils is very expensive. For example, 1000 kilos of jasmine flowers make just one kilo of extract. Using artificial fragrance has reduced the costs of manufacture overall, although the chemical operations involved can be very time-consuming and costly-sixteen or seventeen chemical separations may be needed to produce the right result.

Nevertheless, the use of complex chemical to reproduce fragrance is likely to increase, as the artificial ingredients as well as natural oils gives perfume manufacturers more control over the production process, which is why many classic perfumes owe their characteristic top notes to fruits of science not nature.

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10 . Hello, Stranger

Attitudes to strangers tend to follow a familiar pattern. Children are taught never to speak to unknown grown-ups, especially those regarded by their parents as untrustworthy. The onset of adolescence and young adulthood brings a bursting desire to interact with all sorts of people, which. of course, might not gain family approval.

    1    

Social circles generally narrow again as people find life-partners, form households and produce offspring of their own. Time becomes scarce; new friendships are often based on sharing the burden of child care.     2    As is often the ease, that is because professional duties expand even as parental ones diminish. Then in old age, even if ouriosity and charisma remain undimmed, lack of mental and psychological energy makes new serendipitous connections harder to establish.

But that is not the whole story.     3     However short, it somehow touches a nerve. It might involve nothing more than a smile, or a chance remark that hits an emotional spot; or it might be an unexpectedly deep conversation on a plane or train, a surge of mutual understanding that is life-affirming even if the companion is never seen again.

In the age of covid-19 and Zoom, the chronological pattern has been changed. Instead of their vague possibilities and risks, strangers have assumed the all-too-literal role as a looming source of infection. During lock-downs they are officially to be avoided. Yet youngsters still long dangerously, for the pleasure of interaction, not just with individuals but anonymous crowds.     4     And we can hear the burden of wearing a mask through the whole movie just to enjoy the comforting sense of fellowship in a cinema or theatre audience.

A．This aspect of the story and fear of strangers has bring about frustration among people.

B．Some people never recover the youthful enthusiasm for unforeseen encounters.

C．Middle-aged people gradually realize that the exchange will be a one-off which can permit freedom and frankness.

D．People of all ages have come to miss the human stimulation of busy high streets or trains.

E．In mid-life and beyond people can still experience the joy of a random meeting.

F．Despite this, the resulting interactions can generate an appealing feeling of escaping familiarity.