1 . Every day people joined archaeologists and artists in finding some of the year’s most dramatic discoveries. Below are some examples of 2023.

“Naughty pupils”-ancient punishment method resurfaces

Archaeologists discovered 18,000 ink-carved pieces of pottery-known as “ostraca”—at the site of Athribis early this year, and among them were hundreds of fragments(碎片)with a single symbol repeated front and back.

Those scribbles(潦草的文字)are evidence of ‘naughty “pupils” being made to write lines, according to researchers a Germany’s University of Tuebingen. The fragments also included receipts, school texts, trade information and lists of names.

Van Gogh peers out in hidden portrait

There is one more known van Gogh’s self-portrait in the world, and it was hidden behind a painting of a peasant woman. People made the discovery when they took an X-ray of one of his portraits from 1885 and discovered the artist’s own image behind layers of cardboard and glue. While X-rays often reveal how artists-changed their compositions, the full self-portrait of van Gogh came as a huge surprise, who was known to reuse canvase(画布)to save money.

Another treasure collection from Sanxingdui

The Sanxingdui archaeological site has produced thousands of relics. The latest discovery, reported by Chinese state media in June includes 3,155 objects, a turtle shell-shaped box and a sacrificial altar among them. A team has been digging six places of the site, turning up more than 13,000 objects so far. Last year, the relics they uncovered included a golden mask, ivory artifacts(手工艺品)and a jade knife. The Sanxingdui culture still remains mysterious, as it left behind no written records or human remains, though many believe it to be part of the ancient kingdom of Shu, which ruled along the upper stream of the Yangtze River until it was conquered in 316 BC.

1. What led to the researchers’ conclusion about the fragments?

A．The repeated symbol.	B．Trade information.
C．Lists of pupils’ names.	D．The mark of ink.

2. Why did van Gogh hide his self-portrait in a painting?

A．To keep away from X-rays.

B．To save money.

C．To make his works more mysterious.

D．To help people find his composition.

3. Which is the newly-unearthed relic of 2023 in Sanxingdui site?

A．A jade knife.	B．A golden mask.
C．A written record.	D．A turtle shell-shaped box.

2 . A long lost 16th century civilization has been unearthed in rural Kansas-all thanks to a teen who helped archaeologists(考古学家)confirm the incredible discovery.

The long-lost city called Etzanoa-where up to 20,000 Indians once lived-was discovered in Arkansas City, in the south-central part of the state, when a high school boy found a cannon(炮)ball that tipped off the experts that their long-held suspicions about the existence of Etzanoa were correct.

The city, whose name means “The Great Settlement”, is believed to be the second-largest Native American city in the U.S. and was the site of a battle between Spanish explorers and Indian soldiers in 1601.

“The Spanish were amazed by the size of Etzanoa, ” according to Donald Blakeslee, a 73-year-old Wichita State University archaeologist, who announced the discovery. “They counted 2,000 houses that could hold ten people each. They said it would take two or three days to walk through it all.”

For years, he and other scientists hunted for the fabled city. They dug up pottery, knives and stone tools that would link it to records from Spanish explorers - but couldn’t confirm that it was Etzanoa. Then last year, Adam Ziegler, who attends a nearby high school, discovered a half-inch iron cannon ball — linking it to the 1601 battle. During the battle, the Spanish fired cannons at Indian soldiers, who eventually fled the city.

Kansas officials now want to turn the long-lost city into a scenic spot. “We’re looking at creating something that could be great for the region, and for 50 years and more down the road,” said Jay Warren, an Arkansas City Council member. “And we think the site could also be a hands-on field training facility for archaeologists from all over the world. ”

1. What does the underlined phrase “tipped off” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Gave information to.	B．Let down.
C．Played tricks on.	D．Knocked off.

2. What do we learn about Etzanoa from the text?

A．It was once home to over 20,000 Indians.

B．It witnessed great changes in the last few centuries.

C．It was a famous tourist attraction in the 16th century.

D．It was the largest Indian settlement in the U.S. at the time.

3. What happened in 1601 according to the text?

A．The Indians were at war with the Spanish.

B．The Spanish explorers settled down in Arkansas City.

C．The Indians set up a large settlement in Arkansas City.

D．Etzanoa was abandoned by the Spanish and became a lost city.

4. What is likely to happen to the long-lost city in the following years?

A．A museum will be set up there.

B．Tourism will be promoted there.

C．It will be returned to the native Indians.

D．It will be rebuilt into a large settlement.