1 . The Harlem Renaissance

The word “renaissance” means “rebirth”. The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920s. It was a time when the African American artistic community grew and flourished, producing a ton of work in a short period of time. The work celebrated African American culture and spoke to their experiences as minorities---both the good parts and the bad parts.

After the Civil War, many African Americans left the South to escape unfair treatment and laws that discriminated against them. Between 1910 and 1920, massive numbers of black Southerners moved from the rural south into the urban North and West in the Great Migration. The African American population of Chicago more than doubled during that time! And in New York, African Americans flocked to uptown Manhattan, setting in a neighborhood called Harem. Forming a community within the big city let African Americans keep their cultural identity in a white-dominated society. It was a good thing, and a lot of important cultural issues were brought to light during the Harlem Renaissance. One of the most important figures of the time was the African American writer, W. E.B Du Bois. In his book, The Souls of Back Folk, in 1903, Du Bois wrote that African Americans suffered from something called “double consciousness”. They had their own self-image while they saw themselves through the eyes of white Americans. And performers like Josephine Baker and Paul Robeson brought African American culture to all New Yorkers. The Renaissance was so influential that “Harlem” grew into something of a brand name

African Americans were pushing boundaries across all aspects of society. Black businesses began to flourish, creating a growing middle class, like Madame C.J. Walker, who tuned her cosmetics line into a million dollar empire. All together, the artists, and thinkers of this period helped mobilize the larger black population. Young African-Americans took advantage of improved access to higher education. This opened up new career paths and opportunities to attain advanced degrees. Perhaps most importantly, people---black and white---began the push for racial integration, planting the seeds of what would eventually become the civil rights movement of the 1960s.

1. Why did many African Americans leave the South after the Civil War?

A．To escape slavery	B．To find jobs in agriculture
C．To avoid racial discrimination	D．To gain citizenship

2. How did W.E.B. Du Bois contribute to the Harlem Renaissance?

A．He led to movement to return to Africa

B．He composed folk music based on African American theme

C．He wrote plays about the African-American experience

D．He wrote about the struggle for African-American identity

3. What can you infer about the economic status of African Americans prior to the Harlem Renaissance?

A．Nearly all were unemployed at that time

B．The vast majority were considered lower class

C．Most were regarded as middle class

D．A large percentage were recognized as wealthy

4. What factor allowed many more Africa Americans to pursue careers in fields like medicine and law?

A．Spread of black businesses	B．Access to higher education
C．Shift from agriculture to industry	D．Push for unity among all Africans

2 . Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

The Greek myths are almost a myth themselves.

   

The great dramatists Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides drew on the myths,     1     did the Romans after them. Since then, poets, painters, sculptors, novelists — and later on, filmmakers and even comic strip authors —     2    (find) inspiration in them. Remember film Troy (2004) starring Brad Pitt? That movie remade The Iliad, Homer’s e t of the Trojan Wars.

Greek myths came from oral stories. In the beginning, people told these tales to     3    . They didn’t read them in books or watch them in the theater. It seems that     4     we write, paint or make films — or simply just enjoy these products — the Greek myths have a special resonance.

The names and the stories     5     be old, but the myths continue to be relevant. We can still be moved by beauty, like the story of Paris when he stole the gorgeous Helen away from her husband in Troy.

We feel pain in our hearts     6     we remember our family and friends back home. We can therefore readily understand Odysseus —     7    (separate) from his wife and son for a decade — and his desperation to get home.

The everyday life of western culture     8    (mark) by the Greek myths in all sorts of ways. Just look up into the night sky — names of the stars and constellations you see come from Greek characters.

In English, we say someone who makes money easily has “the Midas touch”. But often, character from Greek mythology, who turns     9     he touches into gold. Even the products we buy in supermarkets have names     10     (inspire) by the Greeks.

3 . Beginning in the late sixteenth century, it became fashionable for young aristocrats to visit Paris, Venice, Florence, and above all, Rome, as the culmination（终极）of their classical education. Thus was born the idea of the Grand Tour, a practice which introduced Englishmen, Germans, Scandinavians, and also Americans to the art and culture of France and Italy for the next 300 years. Travel was arduous and costly throughout the period, possible only for a privileged class---the same that produced gentlemen scientists, authors, antique experts, and patrons of the arts.

The Grand Tourist was typically a young man with a thorough grounding in Greek and Latin literature as well as some leisure time, some means, and some interest in art. The German traveler Johann Winckelmann pioneered the field of art history with his comprehensive study of Greek and Roman sculpture; he was portrayed by his friend Anton Raphael Mengs at the beginning of his long residence in Rome. Most Grand Tourists, however, stayed for briefer periods and set out with less scholarly intentions, accompanied by a teacher or guardian, and expected to return home with souvenirs of their travels as well as an understanding of art and architecture formed by exposure to great masterpieces.

London was frequent starting point for Grand Tourists, and Paris a compulsory destination; many traveled to the Netherlands, some to Switzerland and Germany, and a very few adventurers to Spain, Greece, or Turkey. The essential place to visit, however, was Italy. The British traveler Charles Thompson spoke for many Grand Tourist when in 1744 he described himself as “being impatiently desirous of viewing a country so famous in history, a country which one gave laws to the world, and which is at present the greatest school of music and painting, contains the noblest productions of sculpture and architecture, and is filled with cabinets of rarities, and collections of all kinds of historical relice”. Within Italy, the great focus was Rome, those ancient ruins and more recent achievements were shown to every Grand Tourist. Panini’s Ancient Rome and Modem Rome represent the sights most prized, including celebrated Greco-Rome statues and views of famous ruins, fountains, and churches. Since there were few museums anywhere in Europe before the close of the eighteenth century, Grand Tourists often saw paintings and sculptures by gaining admission to private collections, ad many were eager to acquire examples of a Greco-Rome and Italian art for their own collections. In England, where architecture was increasingly seen as an aristocratic pursuit, noblemen often applied what they learned from the villas of Palladio in the Veneto and the evocative （唤起回忆的）ruins of Rome to their own ceuntry houses and gardens.

1. What did Grand Tourists have in common?

A．They had much geographic knowledge.

B．They were courageous and venturesome.

C．They were versed in literature and interested in art.

D．They had enough travel and outdoor-life experience.

2. How did Grand Tourists benefit from their travel?

A．They found inspiration in the world’s greatest masterpieces.

B．They got a better understanding of early human civilization.

C．They developed an interest in the origin of modern art forms.

D．They gained some knowledge of classical art and architecture.

3. How did the Grand Tour influence the architecture in England?

A．There appeared more and more Roman-style villas.

B．Many aristocrats began to move into Roman-style villas.

C．Aristocrats’ country house all had Roman-style gardens.

D．Italian architects were hired to design houses and gardens.