1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.

Is It Possible to be Green and Fashionable?

Despite the huge numbers of people who care about the environment and love clothes, there is a basic conflict about being green and being fashionable. This is because the fashion industry depends on a constant stream of ever-changing trends, which means you have to keep consuming. However, buying a lot of things that you don’t need, in this case new clothes, is harmful to the environment. Even so, there are still some measures you can take to achieve both goals.

Firstly, rather than basing your choice of clothes on whatever the fashion industry says you should, choose your own look. If you do this, you’ll look a lot more like an individual, and probably more genuinely stylish. It does not require any sense of style to copy the looks in glossy magazines. It does require some to develop your own. You’ll find that because your clothes aren’t going in and out of fashion every week, you’ll buy fewer and this helps the environment.

Some people think that another way of achieving this is to buy only natural fabrics, like cotton. But actually the production of some plant-based fabrics involves the use of enormous quantities of pesticides. In fact, cotton is an especially dirty crop, with methods used in its cultivation which can wreck the local environment. If you want to avoid adding to soil and water pollution in this manner, simply opt for organic fabrics.

While we’re on the subject of the materials, here’s a word of warning. Try to avoid buying clothes made from animal products, especially fur. Not only will this have the effect of reducing animal suffering, it will also reduce your environmental footprint; animal products have a larger impact than plant products because they consume more resources.

In the end, what you wear is your choice and no-one would suggest that this should not be a free choice. But we hope that, having read this, you will be fully aware of the impact your choices may have on the health of our planet.

2 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. adequate       B. continentally       C. dominated       D. enforcement       E. historically       F. home G. location        H. performing        I. reuniting          J. sought                 K. status

Locally Extinct Rhino Is Back in Chad

Pigs don’t fly yet, but rhinos do.

Six black rhinoceroses were flown from South Africa to Zakouma National Park in Chad last week,     1     the threatened animal with a land it has not walked on in nearly five decades.

Chad is one of several African countries that have recently     2     to start their own small black rhino populations in an attempt to protect the species from extinction. It is a participant in the African Rhino Conservation Plan, which hopes to significantly grow the number of rhinos in Africa over the next five years.

Up until the mid-20th century, black rhinos     3     the landscape of Chad, grazing (吃草) and attracting tourists. But they also attracted poachers, who hunted them for their horns, which are displayed as     4     symbols. The population of black rhinos is down 97.6 percent since I960. Some estimate that as few as 5,500 are left on the continent according to the African Wildlife Foundation.

Cathy Dean, chief executive officer of Save the Rhino, an advocacy group, said six black rhinos were not significant in the context of the 5,000 or so that exist     5    . But it’s a good sign that Chad has a safe place to house rhinos now.

According to the African Wildlife Foundation, 98 percent of the current black rhino population exists in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Namibia. South Africa, which is     6     to 40 percent of the rhinos, has already moved some of them to other countries, like Botswana.

Zakouma National Park will be responsible for protecting the rhinos from poachers and providing them with a(n)     7     environment to live in.

Transporting the animals to create a new population is a plan that can prove effective, Ms. Dean said “Some subspecies are     8     really well, with an annual growth rate at 9 percent or even higher,” she said in an email.

But moving the rhinos to a place where they once were and no longer are isn’t enough. The population must be managed and protected, and law     9     must play a role, Ms. Dean said. There should also be biological management, guided by effective monitoring. The rhinos cannot be dropped into a(n)     10     and expected to mate.

3 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. confusing               B. consumer                  C. contents                  D. curiosity               E. disquiet F. eliminate                 G. preferred                  H. prevent                    I. principle                 J. standardise K. subject

Tesco promises to ban brands that use excessive plastic packaging.

Tesco has promised to step up its efforts in the battle against single-use plastic with measures that include banning brands using excessive packaging.

Dave Lewis, Tesco's chief executive, said the company will “reserve the right not to list” products with too much non-recyclable packaging from next year onwards.

Tesco gave suppliers a list of     1     materials in May 2018. It is now planning to turn up the pressure because of the growing public     2     about plastic packaging.

“We can't overlook the fact that for too long, packaging on     3     goods has been excessive,” Lewis wrote. "We have all opened a bag of crisps and wondered why the packaging is twice the size of the     4    .”

Tesco has been the     5     of criticism over its packaging in the past, but any improvements could have major implications for Britain's plastic waste. Lewis said giving up the plastic used to package tins in multipacks would save 490 tonnes of plastic a year, and it could     6     the sale of more than 50 million plastic beer can binders.

Other supermarkets have tried out processes that could reduce packaging. Morrisons and Waitrose have tested refill stations to allow customers to buy packaging-free goods, including pasta, wine and cleaning materials. Iceland last year promised to     7     plastics from its own-brand products within five years.

Supermarkets and food companies in the UK have been required to take action by government plans to introduce the “polluter pays”     8     in its approach to waste. New rules, currently under consultation, could force private companies, including supermarkets, to pay as much as £l billion a year more towards the UK's recycling infrastructure—up from about £70m now.

Lewis called for the government to take a national approach to recycling in order to     9     processes. Households face     10     variation in the quality of recycling services, which can result in products being sent to landfill that would be recycled under a different local authority.

4 . Shining just 12 light-years from Earth, the star Tau Ceti so resembles the sun that it has appeared in numerous science- fiction stories and was the first star astronomers ever searched for signs of intelligent life, half a century ago. In 2012 Tau Ceti grew still more interesting when astronomers reported five possible planets somewhat larger than Earth circling closer to the star than Mars orbits (围绕……运动) the sun—one of which is in the star’s habitable zone. Newly released images taken by the Herschel Space Observatory provide even more insight about Tau Ceti’s solar system: greater detail about its dust belt.

Dust arises when asteroids and comets (小行星和彗星) crash into one another, so its location reveals where these dust- creating objects—which are too small to be seen directly—orbit a star. In Tau Ceti’s case, “it’s quite a wide dust belt,” says Samantha Lawler of the University of Victoria in British Columbia. As her team reported in November, the belt’s inner edge is roughly two to three astronomical units (AUs) from the star, which is the position of our own sun’s asteroid belt. (An AU is the distance from Earth to the sun.) Tau Ceti’s dust belt extends out to 55 AU, which would be just beyond our system’s main Edgeworth-Kuiper belt, the zone of small bodies whose largest member is probably Pluto. Presumably full of asteroids and comets, Tau Ceti’s dust belt most likely lacks a planet as large as Jupiter, Lawler says. The gravity of such a massive planet would have driven away most small space rocks.

Within a year a new series of radio telescopes in Chile called ALMA should provide a sharper view of the disk, especially of its inner edge. The ALMA images will help astronomers confirm whether the star’s five proposed planets are indeed real. If the disk overlaps the planets’ hypothesized (假设的) orbits, then they probably do not exist; they would have kept away most asteroids near the star, removing the source of dust.

If those planets do exist, however, Lawler’s team suggests that Tau Ceti’s planetary system may resemble what our solar system would have looked like had the four giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune- never formed: small planets orbiting close to the star, and nothing but asteroids, comets and dust beyond.

1. According to astronomers, the five possible planets of Tau Ceti________.

A．resembled Earth in size

B．functioned like a solar system

C．were located in Tau Ceti’s habitable zone

D．were nearer to Tau Ceti than Mars to the sun

2. Which of the following is true of Tau Ceti’s dust belt?

A．It is narrower than the asteroid belt in our system.

B．The bodies inside it are all smaller than Jupiter.

C．The gravity of Tau Ceti makes it get denser.

D．It is over 55 astronomical units in width.

3. According to the passage, the five planets are most likely to exist if________.

A．they don’t move into the dust belt while orbiting Tau Ceti

B．they have kept away most asteroids and comets

C．they don’t crash into any asteroid or comet

D．they can be seen clearly by ALMA

4. It can be inferred from the passage that Tau Ceti’s dust belt________.

A．is useful because it stops asteroids or comets crashing into the star

B．makes Tau Ceti different from the sun because it extends farther

C．is interesting because it keeps other planets away from Tau Ceti

D．plays a role in helping decide whether the five planets are real

5 . For millions of years, Arctic sea ice has expanded and shrunk in a rhythmic dance with the summer sun. Humans evolved in this icy world, and civilization relied on it for climatic, ecological and political stability. But now the world comes ever closer to a future without ice. The National Snow and Ice Data Center reported that 2019’s minimum arctic sea ice extent was the second lowest on record. Arctic summers could become mostly ice-free in 30 years, and possibly sooner if current trends continue. As the northern sea ice declines, the world must unite to preserve what remains of the Arctic.

Although most people have never seen the sea ice, its effects are never far away. By reflecting sunlight, Arctic ice acts as Earth’s air conditioner. Once dark water replaces brilliant ice, Earth could warm substantially, equivalent to the warming caused by the additional release of a trillion tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere and declining sea ice threatens wildlife, from the polar bear to algae that grow beneath the sea ice, supporting the large amount of marine life.

To avoid the consequences the scientific community should advocate not just for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, but also for protecting the Arctic from exploitation. The Antarctic shows the way. In the 1950s, countries raced to claim the Antarctic continent for resources and military installations. Enter the scientists. The 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year brought together scientists from competing countries to study Antarctica, and countries temporarily suspended their territorial disputes (争议). In 1959, 12 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty to preserve the continent for peaceful scientific discovery rather than territorial and military gain.

Sixty years later, we must now save the Arctic. A new Marine Arctic Peace Sanctuary (MAPS) Treaty would protect the Arctic Ocean as a scientific preserve for peaceful purposes only. Similar to Antarctica, MAPS would prohibit resource exploitation, commercial fishing and shipping, and military exercises. So far, only 2 non-Arctic countries have signed MAPS; 97 more need to sign on to enact it into law. Scientists can help—just as they did for the Antarctic—by giving statements of support, asking scientific organizations to endorse (支持) the treaty, communicating the importance of protecting the arctic to the public and policy-makers, and above all, by convincing national leaders to sign the treaty. In particular, Arctic nations must agree that recognizing the arctic as an international preserve is better than fighting over it. In 2018, these countries successfully negotiated a 16-year moratorium on commercial fishing in the Arctic high seas, demonstrating that such agreements are possible.

Humans have only ever lived in a world topped by ice. Can we now work together to protect Arctic ecosystems, keep the northern peace, and allow the sea ice to return?

1. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．wildlife relies on sea ice for food and water.

B．The Arctic would be ice-free in 30 years.

C．Sea ice slows down the global warming.

D．The melting of sea ice releases CO2.

2. The Antarctic is mentioned in the passage in order to ________.

A．remind readers of the past of the Antarctic

B．propose a feasible approach for the Arctic

C．stress the importance of preserving sea ice

D．recall how the Antarctic Treaty came into being

3. The word “moratorium” (in paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to ________.

A．battle	B．ban
C．memo	D．protection

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．Antarctic: a Successful Comeback?	B．Sea Ice and Global Warming
C．Arctic: the Earth’s Future	D．Life Without Ice?

6 . Most animal species in the world have developed some sort of natural camouflage that helps them find food and avoid attack. The specific nature of this camouflage varies considerably from species to species.

Camouflage develops differently depending on the physiology and behavior of an animal.    1    

An animal's environment is often the most important factor in what the camouflage looks like. The simplest camouflage technique is for an animal to match the "background" of its surroundings.

Since the ultimate goal of camouflage is to hide from other animals, the physiology and behavior of an animal's predators or prey is highly significant.     2    . For example, there’s no point in an animal replicating the color of its surroundings if is main predator is color-blind.

In addition to background-matching coloration, many animals have distinctive designs on their bodies that serve to conceal them. These designs, which might be spots, stripes or a group of patches, can help the animal in a couple of ways. First, they may match the pattern of "the model", the background of the animal's surroundings. Second, they may serve as visual disruptions. Usually, the patterns are positioned out-of-line with the body's contours (外形).     3    . This makes it hard for the predator to get a clear sense of where the animal begins and ends — the pattern on the body seems to nun of in every direction.

Other animals use a more aggressive sort of mimicry. Several moth species have developed striking designs on their wings that resemble the eyes of a larger animal. The back of the hawk moth caterpillar actually looks like a snake head, a frightening visage for most predators he moth would come across.

Mimicry is a different approach than ordinary camouflage, but it works toward the same end. By developing a certain appearance, an animal species makes itself a harder target for predators and a sneakier hunter for prey. As animal species evolve, they become more and more in tune with their environment.     4    . After all, being entirely overlooked by a predator is preferable to having to put up a fight.

A．Often, these sorts of adaptations are more effective survival tools than an animal's more aggressive weapons of defense (teeth, claws, beaks).

B．This disruptive coloration is particularly effective when animals in a species are grouped together.

C．For example, an animal that swims in large schools underwater will develop different camouflage than one that swings alone through the tees.

D．An animal will not develop any camouflage that does not help it survive.

E．In this case, the various elements of the natural habitat may be referred to as the "model" for the camouflage.

F．That is, the pattern seems to be a separate design superimposed on top of the animal.

7 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.

The Useful Bean

Do you know what the common factor in bee food, vinyl plastic, and tofu is? It is the soybean. Some part of the soybean is used in these products as well as many other edible（可以食用的）and nonedible products.

The soybean is also considered to be one of the multipurpose and hardy plants. It can grow in low-quality soil. Throughout the life of the plant, a release of nutrients throughout plant roots makes soil more fertile. Soybeans are also very high in protein. With its hardiness, soil benefits, high-protein content, and various uses, some people believe the soybean will become the greatest weapon against world hunger.

There are three standard procedures taken from the soybean plant—oil, protein, and whole soybeans. Oil is used for edible purposes such as cooking oil and salad dressing. Industries make nonedible use of soybean oil by adding to antistatic sprays, printer ink, and shampoo. One significant nonedible use of soybean oil is the making of vinyl plastics. Vinyl is used to make everything from credit cards and garden hoses to computer parts.

Protein from the soybean is also used in edible and nonedible products. Edible uses for the protein include baby foods and hypoallergenic milk. Even animals benefit: bee food and fish food contain protein from the soybean. Some industries use the protein for nonedible purposes such as cosmetics, adhesives, yarn, and water-based paints.

Items made using whole soybeans are the most commonly recognized product of the soybean plant. Whole soybeans are used to make food for people and animals. Grocery stores carry a variety of foods made with whole soybeans. Some of these items are pancake flour, coffee, soymilk, soy sauce and tofu.

As the versatility（多用途）and hardiness of this bean gains popularity, more uses of soybean products will certainly be discovered.

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8 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. appears     B. changing     C. dependent       D. dim       E. discovery       F. exclusively G. reflect       H. review        I. sexually        J. underlying       K. vigorously

Undercover Wings

The nocturnal（夜间活动）dot-underwing moth（蛾）may use shape -shifting patterns on its wings as a way to attract mates in the dark. In a study published last September in Current Biology, scientists report the    1    on males' forewings of three patches（色斑）that change darkness and size when viewed from particular angles. In females, the entire forewing darkens.

Although butterfly and moth species that are active during the day are known to employ visual effects to communicate, researchers had thought their nocturnal cousins relied almost    2    on chemical signals because of the lack of light. But these    3    wing patterns, now found for the first time in a nocturnal moth, suggest the insects may also use visual signals. Because only the males have this pattern, researchers say it is likely a（n）    4    selected mechanism.

Jennifer Kelley, an ecologist based at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues first noticed the visual phenomenon while looking at museum moth specimens（标本）for another project. "As soon as we figured the effect was angle-    5    , we knew that to understand how it works, we had to understand the    6    physics," Kelley says. The group contacted Gerd Schröder-Turk and Bodo Wilts, who are physicists at Murdoch University in Perth and the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Switzerland respectively.

Together the researchers found that when the wings are viewed from above, they    7    available light directly, like a dull mirror. When viewed from an angle, however, they let some of the light through to reveal a deeper layer of darkness, which    8    as patches on the male's wings. If the insects were to beat their wings    9    —a common behavior among males approaching potential mates—the patches would flash on and off, creating a striking signal even in very    10    light.

9 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Exploring Beyond

Following the call of our restless genes has not ended well for all explorers. The British explorer Captain James Cook died in a fight with Hawaiians ten years after he received the precious map from Tupaia. His death, some say, brought to a close     1    Western historians call the Age of Exploration. Yet it hardly    2    （end）our exploring. We have remained enthusiastic about filling in the Earth's maps; reaching its farthest poles, highest peaks, and deepest trenches（海豹）; sailing to its every corner and then flying off the planet entirely. With the NASA Rover Curiosity now    3    （stir）us all as it explores Mars, some countries and private companies are preparing to send humans to the red planet as well. Some visionaries even talk of having a spacecraft    4    （send）to the nearest star.

NASA's Michael Barratt—a doctor, diver, and jet pilot; a sailor for 40 years; an astronaut for 12—is among those    5    ache to go to Mars. Barratt consciously sees himself as an explorer Cook and Tupaia. "We're doing what     6    did," he says. "It works this way at every point in human history. A society develops an enabling technology,     7    it's the ability to preserve and carry food or build a ship or launch a rocket."

Not all of us    8    ride a rocket or sail the infinite sea. Yet,     9    a species, we're curious enough and interested enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the voyagers return. Yes, we hope to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply    10    （discover）what's there.

10 . Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. directly	B. conventional	C. sorted	D. sustainable	E. landfilling	F. supply
G. dating	H. undoubtedly	I. viewed	J. packaging	K. cardboard

Recycling can be defined as the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of recycling is to avoid     1     waste disposal. It contributes to the prevention of the waste of potentially useful materials and reduces the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing: energy usage, air pollution, and water pollution from     2    . This practice has been around throughout the history of mankind,     3     from the fourth century BC.

Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, and     4     metal, plastic, tires, and electronics. The composting(堆肥) or other reuse of biodegradable waste- such as food or garden waste- is also     5     as recycling.

Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the roadside, then     6     cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials for manufacturing.

In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh     7     of the same material- -for example, used office paper would be changed into new office paper. However, this is often     8     difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so “recycling” of many products or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials instead. Another form of recycling is the rescue of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic（内在的） value or due to their dangerous nature.

Much of the difficulty in recycling comes from the fact that most products are not designed with recycling in mind. The concept of     9     design aims to solve this problem. Now scientists suggest that every product and all     10     they require should have a complete “closed-loop” cycle mapped out for each component- a way in which every component will either return to the natural ecosystem through biodegradation or be recycled indefinitely.