1 . 阅读下列短文，在空白处填入适当单词或短语。

Amundsen was the first     1     on 8 September, 1911. He had teams of dogs     2     the sledges and all his men were on skis. Because of this, he made rapid progress.

Even Amundsen was moved by Scott’s death saying “Captain Scott left a record, for honesty, for sincerity, for     3    , for everything that makes a man”. Scott had failed to win the race to the Pole, but the great courage shown by Scott and his men made them heroes.

The reason     4     this was difficult was that the team had limited resources. They did not have enough staff, and the laboratory     5     they worked had poor air quality. However, after hundreds of failed experiments, they     6     came across a promising chemical.

Reeve became a     7     and energetic advocate for people with back injuries and disabilities raising millions of dollars     8     support of medical research.

With a sense of energy and commitment, Reeve undertook an intense exercise programme to help him achieve this goal. He     9     in a wide range of exercises     10     to rebuild muscle, and made remarkable progress.

2 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

In a small community located at a suburb of Exeter, a disheartening issue had been troubling the neighborhood for years. The once pleasant surroundings were ruined by piles of waste that seemed to multiply with each passing day. Residents were growing tired of the worsening environment, leading many to abandon their homes in search of cleaner neighborhoods. It was in this terrible situation that two young students, Emma and Mia, decided to take matters into their own hands.

Emma and Mia were classmates and best friends from Phillips Exeter Academy, both passionate about environmental preservation and deeply concerned about the pollution crisis their community was facing. Witnessing more and more neighbors’ leaving, they knew they couldn’t stand by any longer. Determined to bring about a change, they undertook a mission that would soon catch the attention of the entire community.

Their journey began with thorough research and planning. The two girls searched carefully on the Internet for information on environmental initiatives and connected with local environmentalists. They organized meetings with residents to understand the issues at hand, collecting data on the types of waste, the sources, and the areas most affected. Armed with this knowledge, Emma and Mia worked out a comprehensive plan and announced it to ask for opinions from the residents. Surprisingly it was strongly supported.

Their strategy was twofold. First, they initiated a waste classification and recycling program. They distributed recycling bins(回收箱) to every household and educated the community about the importance of responsible waste management. Soon, the streets began to show signs of improvement as the volume of garbage inappropriately thrown away decreased gradually.

The second part of their plan was more ambitious. Emma and Mia gathered volunteers from their school and the neighborhood to take part in a massive clean-up campaign. Armed with gloves and trash(垃圾)bags, they began systematically clearing the waste from the streets, parks, and even the local bodies of water. Their firm commitment and hard work inspired others to join the cause.

注意：
1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式作答。

Half a year later, the changes were significant.

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Emma and Mia received recognition and honors for their work.

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3 . Shop Sustainably

If you have to name one thing that contributes most to your ecological footprints, you may say the energy you use at home, or your car’s emissions.     1     Knowing this can make your grocery shops more planet-friendly. Here is what you can do to help shop sustainably.

●    2     Using those is a great first step. If you get some, do remember to fill them with your purchases. When you adapt yourself to reusing them, then you’ll cut your consumption of single-use plastic bags even further.

●Avoid unnecessary packing. Buy loose fruit and vegetables instead of pre-packaged produce, and avoid products that contain multiple single packages or double packaging, like grain in a box and a bag. Consider switching from tea bags and coffee pods to tea leaves and ground coffee.     3    

●Go organic when you can. In addition to the benefit organic farming has to insect biodiversity, it’s also considered more sustainable and better for the environment.     4    Choosing free-range or Marine Stewardship Council-certified products also encourages environment- and animal-friendly food production.

●Buy seasonal and native products.     5     So you can avoid buying goods that have travelled long distances to reach your plate. As well as opting for local goods, depending on where you live, in the supermarket, you can also buy directly from the source at farmers’ markets.

A．Take reusable grocery bags.

B．Select single-use plastic bags.

C．It supports local farmers and food producers.

D．You can also refill your own containers with loose-packed food.

E．When buying organic products, look for those officially certified.

F．But it’s what we eat that accounts for up to 60% of our personal demand.

G．You’ll find it convenient whenever you buy tea or coffee in the supermarket.

4 . Until recently, gravitational waves could have been the stuff of Einstein’s imagination. Before they were detected, these waves in space time existed only in the physicist’s general theory of relativity, as far as scientists knew. Now, researchers are on the hunt for more ways to detect the waves. “The study of gravitational waves is booming,” says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.”

Just as light comes in a variety of wavelengths, so do gravitational waves. Different wave lengths point to different types of origins of the universe and require different kinds of detectors. Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers—like those detected by the United States, Italy and Japan—come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun, or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars (中子星). These detectors could also spot waves from certain types of exploding stars and rapidly moving neutron stars.

In contrast, huge waves that span light-years are thought to be created by orbiting pairs of bigger black holes with masses billions of times that of the sun. In June, scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by turning the entire galaxy (星系) into a detector, watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.

Physicists now hope to dive into a vast, cosmic ocean of gravitational waves of all sorts of sizes. These waves could reveal new details about the secret lives of exotic objects such as black holes and unknown parts of the universe.

Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of wavelengths. “But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find?” he says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the moon, to the atomic area and elsewhere.

1. What does Karan Jani think of the current study on gravitational waves?

A．It is rapid and pioneering.

B．It is slow but steadily increasing.

C．It is interrupted due to limited detectors.

D．It is progressing as fast as any other field.

2. What do the detected gravitational waves mostly indicate?

A．The creation of different kinds of detectors.

B．Collisions of planets outside the solar system.

C．The presence of light in different wavelengths.

D．Activities involving black holes and neutron stars.

3. How did scientists manage to find huge waves’ evidence?

A．By analyzing sunlight.

B．By locating the new galaxy.

C．By using the whole galaxy as a tool.

D．By observing the sun’s regular movement.

4. What can be inferred about the future study according to the last paragraph?

A．It’ll exclude the atomic field.

B．It’ll focus exactly on the mapping of the galaxy.

C．It’ll require prioritizing certain wavelengths on the moon.

D．It’ll explore potential places to detect gravitational waves.

5 . Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described. California grizzly bears once roamed in the Golden State. But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined. The last reliable sighting of a California grizzly bear occurred 100 years ago in 1924, and the animals disappeared completely sometime after that.

Researchers wanted to get a better understanding of the factors that accelerated the bears’ extinction. They also hoped to gain more insight into the creatures’ behavior, size and diet. To do so, they turned to documents and California grizzly specimens in natural history collections. They measured the animals’ skulls and teeth and analyzed their bones and pelts. The researchers found that California grizzly bears were much smaller than the 2,000 pounds often reported at the time. Historical accounts might not necessarily have been wrong, but they might have only included the largest bears. In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation. “The bears likely increased meat consumption due to landscape changes coupled with the arrival of livestock,” says study co-author Alexis Mychajliw. However, researchers found the animals still ate a majority vegetarian diet and killed far less livestock than historical accounts suggested.

By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story.

1. What does the underlined word “roamed” in paragraph 1 mean?

A．Disappeared.

B．Declined.

C．Fought.

D．Wandered.

2. What did the researchers discover about California grizzly bears?

A．They mainly fed on livestock.

B．Their diet consisted mostly of plants.

C．They ate a balanced diet of plants and meat.

D．The absence of livestock changed their dietary habit.

3. What can we learn about historical accounts of animals from the last paragraph?

A．They are unique.	B．They are one-sided.
C．They are accurate.	D．They are comprehensive.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．The natural habitats of California grizzly bears.

B．The extinction process of California grizzly bears.

C．The reveal of the truth of California grizzly bears.

D．The significance of the arrival of California grizzly bears.

6 . The oceans play a crucial role in lightening global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide emissions. However, in a study conducted by the University of Texas, researchers found that the oceans’ capacity to absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) would reach its maximum by 2100 and decrease to half of its current efficiency by 2300, based on a climate simulation (模拟) that was set for a worst-case emissions scenario (设想).

The decline happens because of a surface layer of low-alkalinity (碱度) water that can hinder the ability of the oceans to absorb CO₂. Alkalinity affects how much CO₂ can dissolve in seawater. Although the emissions scenario used in the study is unlikely because of global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, the findings reveal a previously unknown tipping point that if activated would release an important brake on global warming.

“We need to think about these worst-case scenarios to understand how our CO₂ emissions might affect the oceans not just this century, but next century and the following centuries. Climate simulations had previously shown that the oceans slow their absorption of CO₂ over time, but none had considered alkalinity as an explanation. We recalculated pieces of a 450-year simulation until we hit on alkalinity as a key cause of the slowing.” said Megumi Chikamoto, who led the research at the University of Texas Institute.

The effect begins with extreme climate change, which slows ocean currents. This leaves the surface of the oceans covered in a warm layer of fresh water that won’t mix easily with the cooler, more al kaline waters below it. That means more of it is left behind in the atmosphere. This in turn produces faster warming, which sustains and strengthens the low-alkalinity surface layer. Co-author, Pedro DiNezio, said that the discovery was a powerful reminder that the world needs to reduce its CO₂ emissions to avoid crossing this and other tipping points.

1. What may happen after the year 2300?

A．More CO₂ will be absorbed by the oceans.

B．The oceans will lose all their current efficiency.

C．The world will face even more severe warming.

D．The oceans will be less crucial to global warming.

2. What does the underlined word “hinder” in paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．Improve.

B．Weaken.

C．Protect.

D．Control.

3. What does Megumi Chikamoto say about the oceans?

A．Finding why they slow CO₂ intake is hard.

B．Their ability to absorb CO₂ is at their maximum.

C．They will decide on the future of human beings.

D．They will slow down CO₂ absorption very quickly.

4. Where is this text probably taken from?

A．A biology textbook.	B．A government report.
C．Science fiction.	D．An environmental journal.

7 . “In high school, I decided to stop eating meat. I love animals. I couldn’t see them suffering.” Babulski says, who is a biologist at Monroe Community College in New York. Teenage Babulski initially lived on starches (淀粉食物) and salads. Eventually she learned to eat a more balanced vegetarian (素食者的) diet. But, Babulski remembers, her mom still wished she’d give up the madness. Mom thought she was going to straight up die.

The decision by Babulski and others to go vegetarian can be threatening to those who view eating animals as typically American. Eating meat is the norm in the United States, even though medical experts have long encouraged people to eat less processed and red meat for health reasons. What is becoming clear is that a meat-heavy diet is also terrible for the planet.

Shifting demand from meat to beans, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and nuts could have many benefits for the climate. A more recent April report from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, suggests that the world’s wealthiest individuals could greatly decrease emissions (排放) through lifestyle changes. That’s because households with incomes in the top 10 percent produce roughly 36 to 45 percent of global emissions, while households with incomes in the bottom 50 percent contribute just 13 to 15 percent. Therefore, wealthier individuals, who adopt a low-carbon lifestyle, can help establish new, more sustainable social norms.

Babulski learned about the environmental impacts of meat production. She now shares her personal journey with students in her environmental science course. Many of her students come to realize the power of their individual choices. The little things they do actually do add up and make a difference.

1. Why did Babulski’s mother object to her becoming a vegetarian?

A．She felt threatened.	B．She was a meat lover.
C．She misunderstood her.	D．She was worried about her health.

2. What do most Americans think of a meat-heavy diet?

A．It is a personal lifestyle.	B．It can cause health problems.
C．It is harmful to the environment.	D．It is an essential part of their life.

3. Who plays a key role in reducing emissions according to the IPCC’s April report?

A．The factories.	B．The government.
C．The low-income families.	D．The wealthy people.

4. What is the attitude of most of Babulski’s students towards her diet?

A．Neutral.

B．Supportive.

C．Critical.

D．Uninterested.

8 . The US military wants to build artificial reefs (礁) to protect coastal bases from rising seas and climate change. Its “Reefense” programme has awarded three contracts with the goal of using both artificial and natural defences to support the protection provided by human-built sea walls and concrete breakwaters alone.

A first line of defence envisioned by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)’s Reefense programme would consist of an artificial structure capable of removing some of the power of incoming waves. That would pave the way for corals (珊瑚) to grow on the artificial foundation and further strengthen the coastal protection capabilities.

While natural reefs usually start shaping up over five to ten years, DARPA is aiming for these artificial reef structures to inspire coral settlement within just a few years. Its vision could take advantage of new lab techniques for growing corals.

As part of the programme, one team at Rutgers University in New Jersey has received $4.5 million to develop defences based on reefs in the Gulf of Mexico near Tyndall Air Force Base. Another team, at the University of Hawaii, received more than $7.3 million to experiment with structures that encourage coral reef to grow in the Pacific Ocean. The third team, at the University of Miami, was awarded almost $7.5 million to develop an artificial reef solution with different species of coral for the Atlantic Ocean.

The research teams must first build artificial reefs, starting at 50 metres in length, before eventually extending them to 150 metres. Early testing in wave tanks is set to eventually lead to a three -year-long project offshore between 2023 and 2026.

Researchers will also selectively breed (繁殖) corals at seawater temperatures 3℃ higher than surrounding temperatures, so the animals can better survive in a warming world. “All the teams have skills in growing corals in their laboratory environments, selecting for higher temperatures or disease resistance,” says Catherine Campbell at the US DARPA.

1. What can we know about the US military’s plan to build artificial reefs?

A．It has been put into practice.	B．It aims to protect sea animals.
C．It hasn’t been well received.	D．It focuses on natural defences.

2. What’s the advantage of artificial reefs?

A．They are stronger than natural ones.	B．Their expense is less than natural ones.
C．They need less time to grow perfectly.	D．They can be built anywhere we want to.

3. What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us?

A．Different species of coral should be protected.

B．Different teams will develop artificial reefs soon.

C．Universities are facing intense competition.

D．Many companies are willing to provide finance.

4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Corals live better in colder surroundings.	B．The research teams need more experience.
C．Campbell is positive about the programme.	D．“Reefense” programme is on its first stage.

9 . Why are polar bears white? Why do rabbits have long ears? Why do zebras have stripes (条纹)? It’s all about survival. Wild animals normally focus their efforts on two important tasks. One task is to look for things to eat. While they do that, they have to avoid getting eaten! They can’t afford to ignore any dangers around them. Life is just one long game of hide-and-seek. Luckily for them, the way they look usually helps them. The zebra is a very good example.

Zebras usually travel in large groups. Imagine a hundred zebras moving together across the grassland: in Africa. Not far away, a lioness is lying on a tree branch, resting. She is waiting for her chance to attack. The zebras are getting nearer, but they’ re running very close together. Now she’s seen them, and she’s getting ready: she knows she’ll soon have a zebra to kill.

The lioness’s goal is to catch a zebra for breakfast. There is no place to hide, but the zebras have a secret line of defence; their stripes.

Lions are colour-blind. As the zebras move in a large group, it’s hard for the lioness to see which zebra to attack. All she sees is a big mass of black and white stripes. She’s not sure what to do. Breakfast must wait. The animals are always trying to hide from her.

But do zebras’ stripes cause problems for other zebras as they do for lions? No, they don’t. Actually, the purpose of the stripes in this case is to help zebras recognize each other. Every zebra has an individual pattern of stripes and zoologists believe this is how zebras know who is who in the group. A mother zebra always recognizes her child among the crowd because its stripes are just a little different from the others.

1. Why are zebras and lions mentioned?

A．To give examples.	B．To make comparisons.
C．To stress the importance of animals.	D．To encourage people to protect animals.

2. Why does the lioness fail to catch a zebra for breakfast?

A．The lioness is colour-blind.	B．The lioness is hiding from others.
C．The lioness is afraid of the zebras.	D．The lioness is waiting for another chance.

3. What do we know about zebras’ stripes?

A．The stripes help them hide in the forest.

B．Some zebras share the same stripe pattern.

C．Zebras can recognize each other by their stripes.

D．The stripes can sometimes cause problems for zebras.

4. What’s the best title for the text?

A．Hide and Seek	B．Attack and Defence
C．Zebras and Lionesses	D．Appearance and Survival

10 . For the past 8 years, K-9 officer Roni has been by the side of Officer Joel Nitchman of the Deer Park, Texas police department. They’ve been through a lot together, and the cop (警察) thinks of the dog as a member of his own family. Recently, the team had just returned to the station when an EF-3 tornado suddenly formed nearby.

The wind picked up fast. Remembering Roni was still inside his cage in the patrol car, Joel didn’t think twice about rushing outside into the storm to get his partner. “The thought of ruins, or the car flipping over.... I couldn’t do that to him,” said Joel. “I couldn’t have him out there during that.” He felt debris (碎片) hitting his face as he headed into the wind, and he knew the situation was worsening with every passing second.

Conditions worsened even further when Joel made it around to the other side of the car. The wind and rain were so strong that he couldn’t get the door open. When he finally opened it, Roni refused to move. “I could barely open his door,” Joel said. “When I did, he’s a smart dog, he saw what was going on outside and he said I’m not coming out.” With a lot of coaxing (劝诱), Roni finally followed his partner out of the car, and Joel was able to lead him by the collar back into the safety of the station.

“Never been through anything like this before,” Joel said of the frightening event. Now that the danger has passed, he feels even closer to his K-9 partner, and he’d do it all over again, if he had. “I love that dog,” he explained. “He’s a part of our family. We can’t leave a loved one like that. There’s no way I was going to leave him like that.”

Well done, officer! It’s nice to know that these cops have each other’s backs through thick and thin.

1. What is the relationship between Roni and Joel like?

A．Plain.

B．Distant.

C．Terrible.

D．Inseparable.

2. Why did Joel rush out despite the coming disaster?

A．Roni was still on duty outside.

B．He attempted to get the car inside.

C．He went to rescue Roni stuck in the car.

D．He wanted to learn more about the tomado.

3. What is the most unexpected difficulty during the rescue of Roni?

A．Lack of official help.

B．Roni’s fear of the danger.

C．The poor quality of the door.

D．The unsafe situation of the station.

4. How does the experience influence Roni and Joel?

A．They are more attached to each other.

B．They are now living closer to each other.

C．They have more loved ones in their lives.

D．They are more independent of each other.