1 . The largest genetic study of mosquitoes has found their ability to resist insecticides(杀虫剂) is evolving rapidly and spreading across Africa, putting millions of people at higher risk of contracting malaria（疟疾）.

British scientists who led the work said mosquitoes’ growing resistance to control tools such as insecticide-treated bed nets and insecticide spraying, which have helped cut malaria cases since 2000, now threatens “to disturb malaria control” in Africa.

“Our study highlights the severe challenges facing public efforts to control mosquitoes and tomanage and limit insecticide resistance,” said Martin Donnelly of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, who worked on the study with a team from Britain’s Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

Latest World Health Organization (WHO) data show that 216 million people were infected last year with the malaria parasite（寄生虫）, which is transmitted by blood-sucking Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease killed 445,000 people in 2016, and the majority of them were children in sub-Saharan Africa.

To understand how mosquitoes are evolving, the researchers sequenced the DNA of 765 wild Anopheles mosquitoes taken from 15 locations across eight African countries. Their work, published in the journal Nature on Wednesday, created the largest data resource on natural genetic variation for any species of insect.

Analyzing the data, the scientists found that the Anopheles gamblae mosquitoes（冈比亚疟蚊）were extremely genetically diverse compared with most other animal species. This high genetic diversity enables rapid evolution, they said, and helps to explain how mosquitoes develop insecticide resistance so quickly.

The data also showed the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance appeared to be due to many previously unknown genetic variants（变体）within certain genes. The scientists said these genetic variants for insecticide resistance were not only emerging independently in different parts of Africa, but were also being spread across the continent by mosquito migration.

Michael Chew, an expert at Britain’s Wellcome Trust global health charity which helped fund the research, said the finds underlined the importance of pushing scientific research ahead to control malaria.

Global efforts to control malaria through effective vaccine, insecticides and the best drug combinations require urgent, united action by scientists, drug companies, governments and the WHO.

1. Which of the following is scientists’ headache?

A．The number of mosquitoes in Africa is growing rapidly.

B．Some genetic variants of mosquitoes are still unknown.

C．The existing insecticides aren’t as effective as they used to be.

D．Millions of African people have resistance to medicines for malaria.

2. Malaria cases can be cut by ______.

A．threatening drug companies	B．spraying insecticides
C．limiting blood donation	D．transmitting data

3. What CANNOT be concluded from the passage?

A．Children are more likely to be bit by mosquitoes.

B．Many previously unknown variants are found in the study.

C．The mosquito migration contributes to the spread of variants.

D．Anopheles mosquitoes have great genetic diversity.

4. Which is FALSE about the genetic study of mosquitoes?

A．It created the largest data on natural genetic variation for any insect species.

B．It found the possible causes for the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance.

C．It discovered where the genetic variants emerged and how they were spread.

D．It highlighted the public efforts and appealed to limit the use of insecticides.

2 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Nature is full of wonders. In     1     is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature, millions of baby Ridley turtles their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa. The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal     2     they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam, about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar.

Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species threatened with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha     3    around 70 to 80 million turtles laying eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world’s largest nesting sites.

The female turtles drag     4     up the beach from the sea, dig a nest, lay at least one hundred eggs, cover and conceal their eggs and nest, and then return to the sea. The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs in the warm sand.

The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after 45-60 days, then the babies grow     5     their mother, which is a rare phenomenon in nature. Interestingly, the females lay their eggs on the same beach     6     they were born.

In the recent years, sea erosion (腐蚀)     7     (lead) to many nests’     8     (destroy).

Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds have reduced     9     number of nesting turtles. And man has also had a negative impact by     10     (use) engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles’ nesting grounds.

3 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Does City Living Hurt Mental Health?

People often move to cities    1    better jobs and more cultural activities. But are they putting    2    at risk? Maybe.

Experts at the American Psychiatry Association say that “natural environments or green spaces” do much for good our mental health and    3    (experience) nature helps people recover from the mental tiredness that comes from day-to-day work.

On the other hand,    4    they cannot say exactly why, mental health experts say some research suggests that city living might hurt our mental health.

Andrea Mechelli is a doctor with the Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College, London. “There have been studies    5    people weretaken out of an urban environment into a rural environment, and theirsymptomswould improve. And we also see that the greater the city the greater the risk.”

Kings College researchers, along with city planners and land and building designers hoped    6    (learn) more about city living and mental illness. So, they created asmartphone appcalled Urban Mind. They say they wanted to understand    7    different parts of the urban environment affect mental wellbeing.

The Urban Mind app    8    your experience of city living in the moment. Researchers collected real time information from 108 people, who answered just over 3,000 questions during a one-week period.

The researchers found that being outdoors, seeing trees, hearing birdsong, seeing the sky, and feeling in contact with nature    9    (associate)with higher levels of mental well-being.They also found that these seeming effects of nature were especially strong in those individuals at greater risk of mental health problems.

The Urban Mind Project team says it hopes “the results will inform future urban planning and social policy    10    (intend) to improve design and health.”

4 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Solving the Problem of E-Waste

One of the problems damaging our planet is the number of things we throw away. A more recent addition to the list of things we chuck away is e-waste - electronic items that are broken and not recycled.

Tonnes of televisions, phones, and other electronic equipment are discarded chiefly because we lack the skills to repair them. Fortunately, now solutions are being found to give e-waste a new life.

There's a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of electrical and electronic junk. A Restart Project in London, is one that many found around the world. One of its volunteers, Francesco Calo, said that "this project allows you to reduce waste, extend the life of objects, and it helps people who cannot afford to get rid of items that have developed a fault.

As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another idea is e-waste mining. An experiment at the University of New South Wales involves extracting these materials from electronic appliances. It's thought that doing this could be more profitable than traditional mining.

These projects make total sense --- collections of e-waste for recycling are depressing or even decreasing" according to Ruediger Kuehr, of the United Nations University. And in countries where there is no laws, much of it just gets dumped. However, the European Union, for example, is trying to tackle the problem by insisting manufacturers have to make appliances longer-lasting and will have to supply spare parts for machines for up to 10 years.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. virtual     B. survival   C. specifically D. restoring E. transboundary F. excursions G. nesting   H. properly   I. routes   J. facing   K. connection

World Migratory Bird Day is an annual awareness-raising campaign highlighting the need for the conservation of migratory birds and their habitats. It has a global outreach and is an effective tool to help raise global awareness of the threats     1     migratory birds, their ecological importance, and the need for international cooperation to conserve them.

Every year people around the world take action and organize public events such as bird festivals, education programmes, exhibitions and bird-watching     2     to celebrate.

The theme of this year’s World Migratory Bird Day is “Birds Connect Our World”, which highlights the importance of conserving and     3     the ecological connectivity and integrity of ecosystems that support the natural movements of migratory birds and that are essential for their     4     and well-being.

Migratory birds need a network of undamaged habitats along their entire migration     5     to survive. Increased global action through multilateral (多边的) environment treaties, such as the Convention on Migratory Species and the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement, is essential to protect migratory birds on their international journeys. Creating     6     habitat corridors would be of great benefit to migratory birds and other migratory wildlife,     7     at the landscape scale (景观尺度).

In addition, networks of critical sites key to migration need to be safeguarded and managed     8    . Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), as described by BirdLife International, provide migratory birds with the necessary feeding, breeding,     9     and sheltering grounds that are needed during their long flights.

A wave of online interactions and     10     events are expected to take place in countries around the world in celebration of World Migratory Bird Day, with educational programmes being offered online by many organizations including schools, parks, zoos, forests, wildlife refuges, wetlands centres, museums and libraries.

8 . When my old dog developed major health problems, I knew that watching him fail would be painful, but I wasn’t prepared for the powerful lessons he’d offer in the last year of his life.

Chance was 14 when the problems started. First, he developed a cancer that left him whistling for breath. Then came cataracts（白内障）in both eyes, arthritis（关节炎）in his legs, and a series of mini-strokes（小中风）that threw off his balance. Any one of these misfortunes would have left me begging for relief, but Chance became calmer as the disabilities piled up.

When leg pain left him frozen on the floor, unable to rise for a quick pat as I came home, he didn’t complain. He just lay there patiently, signaling me with his hammering tail, each movement spelling out the value of waiting for the things you want. When his cataracts made steering impossible after dark, he’d stand calmly until I could guide him inside, proving how easy it is to find happiness if you let go of your pride and insecurities and learn to lean on those who love you. When mini-strokes had him walk unsteadily like a drunk, he taught the value of persistence. For days after each attack, he’d fall as he moved about. Yet again and again he’d try to walk, each day moving a few more steps until finally he was able to get outside and back by himself.

There were lessons in so much of what he did, but the key one surely was the importance of obtaining all the joy possible from each experience whether it’s a day lazing under a warm sun or a few minutes appreciating a favorite meal.

For most of our life together, Chance was always rushing ahead, searching out new adventures, then circling back to let me know what lay around the next turn. As an old dog, he did the same thing, using his attitude, instead of his once - fast legs, to show the way.

1. Chance suffered very much from all the diseases he had except for _______.

A．having problem with breath	B．walking around awkwardly
C．having trouble drinking	D．losing his eyesight in darkness

2. _______ is the most important lesson the author learned from Chance.

A．Living in the present and enjoying what we have

B．Learning to depend on those who we love and trust

C．That we should expect good things to happen patiently

D．That we should persevere in what we believe is worth trying

3. It is implied in the passage that _______.

A．people might suffer from different diseases when they grow old

B．people could face aging with courage and dignity

C．pets would become calmer for lack of energy in their last days

D．pets and masters should stick together helping each other in difficulty

4. Which of the following words best describes the author’s feelings to Chance?

A．Bitter.	B．Appreciative.
C．Proud.	D．Sympathetic.

10 . There has, in recent years, been an outpouring of information about the impact of buildings on the natural environment. Information which explains and promotes green and sustainable construction design strives to convince others of its effectiveness and warns of the dangers of ignoring the issue. Seldom do these documents offer any advice to practitioners, such as (hose designing mechanical and electrical systems for a building, on how to utilize this knowledge on a practical level.

While the terms green and sustainable are often considered synonymous, in that they both symbolize nature, green does not include all that is meant by sustainability. Some elements of green design may be sustainable too, for example those which reduce energy usage and pollution, while others, such as ensuring internal air quality, may be considered green despite having no influence on the ecological balance.

Although there are a good many advocates of 'green' construction in the arehitectural industry, this is not enough to make green construction come into being. The driving force behind whether a building is constructed with minimal environmental impact lies with the owner of the building; that is, the person financing the project. If the owner considers green design unimportant, or of secondary importance, then more than likely, it will not be factored into the design.

The 81nmissioning(委托)process plays a key role in ensuring the owner gets the building he wants, in terms of design, costs and risk. At the predesign stage, the owner's objectives, criteria and the type of design imagined are discussed and documented. This gives a design team a solid foundation on which they can build their ideas, and also provides a specific standard against which individual elements, such as costs, design and environmental impact can be judged.

In some cases, an owner may be aware of the latest trends in sustainable building design. He may have done researeh into it himself or he may have been informed of the merits of green design through early discussion with professionals. However, firms should not take it as read that someone commissioning a building already has a preconceived idea of how green he intends the structure to be. Indeed, this initial interaction between owner and firm is the ideal time for a designer to outline and promote the ways that green design can meet the client's objectives, thus turning a project originally not destined for green design into a potential candidate.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

A．Explaining to owners why ignoring green issues is costly and dangerous.

B．Explaining to professionals how they can influence clients to choose greener designs.

C．Explaining to owners the importance of green building design in reducing long-term damage.

D．Explaining to professionals why it is important to follow the correct procedures.

2. The examples of green and sustainable designs given in paragraph 2 show that________.

A．designs must be sustainable in order for them to be described as green.

B．for the purposes of this paper, the terms green and sustainable have the same meaning.

C．some sustainable designs are green, while others are not.

D．some designs are termed green, even though they are not sustainable.

3. According to paragraph 3, the reason for the lack of green buildings being designed is that________.

A．few firms have any experience in design and constructing buildings to a green design.

B．construction companies are unaware of the benefits of green and sustainable designs.

C．firms do not get to decide whether a building is to be constructed sustainably.

D．firms tend to convince clients that other factors are more important than sustainability.

4. Which of the following isNOTtrue about the commissioning process?

A．It is conducted before the building is designed.

B．It is a stage that all clients go through when constructing a building.

C．It is a step in the design procedure in which the clients goals are identified.

D．It provides the firm with a measure of how well they did their job.