1 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Is Climate Change Consuming Your Favorite Foods?

Due to climate change, the world’s endangered lists are no longer just for animals. We may not only need to adapt ourselves to living in a warmer world but a     1     (tasty) one as well.

As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the air linked to global warming     2     (continue) to affect weather, we often forget that they are also impacting the quantity, the quality, and the growing locations of our food. Some foods have already felt the impact while     3     may even become scarce within the next 30 years.

Whether or not you try to limit yourself     4     one cup of coffee a day, the effects of climate change on the world's coffee-growing regions may leave you little choice.

Rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns are reported to have been threatening coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii. The result? Significant cuts in coffee yield.

According to organizations like Australia's Climate Institute, half of the present coffee-producing areas     5     (estimate) not to be suitable by the year 2050, if current climate patterns continue.

With temperatures continuously rising, oceans are absorbing some of the heat and undergoing warming of their own,     6     (cause) a decline in fish population, including in lobsters that are cold-blooded creatures, and in salmons (鲑鱼)     7     eggs find it hard to survive in higher water temperatures. Warmer waters also encourage some poisonous marine bacteria to grow and lead to illness in humans whenever     8     (take) with raw seafood, like oysters.

And how about that satisfying “crack” which you get when you are eating crabs and lobsters? It could be silenced     9     shellfish have been struggling to build their calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) shells, which is a result of ocean acidification.

Even worse is the possibility     10     we will have no seafood to enjoy at all. In a 2006 Dalhousie University study, scientists predicted that if over-fishing and rising temperature trends continued at their present rate, the world's seafood stocks would run out by the year 2050.

2 . Directions：Write an English composition in 100— 120 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
你校英文网站为倡导低碳生活（low-carbon lifestyle）而开设了论坛。同学们纷纷发帖，交流各自的低碳生活方式。你对此话题也深有感触，准备参与讨论。请在该论坛上发表一个帖子，包括以下内容：（1）介绍你所倡导的低碳生活方式 （2）说明如此做的原因或优点。
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3 . Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Acid rain is now a familiar problem in the industrialized countries in Europe. Harmful gases like Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced by power stations and cars.     1    

Acid rain is also capable of dissolving some rocks and buildings made of soft rock, such as limestone, are particularly badly affected. The acid rain attacks the rock, and so carvings and statues are worn away more quickly.

    2    According to a report in the Scientist, acid rain is being blamed for the rapid decay of ancient ruins Mexico. The old limestone buildings in places like Chichen Itza, Tulum and Palenque are wearing away very quickly indeed. These sites are the remains of the buildings built by the Mayas between 250 BC and AD900, and the spectacular ruins of civilization are visited by thousands of tourists every year.

The acid rain is said to be caused by pollution from oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Car exhaust gases are also a problem. Local volcanic eruption make the problem even worse. Nevertheless, with enough money and effort, researchers say that many of the problems could be solved and the rate of dissolving reduced.     3    
Mexico’s current lack of funds is also partly due to oil. The country has rich oil field and a few years ago, when oil was expensive, Mexico was selling large quantities of oil to the USA and earning a lot of money. The government was therefore able to borrow huge sums of money from banks around the world, thinking they would have no problem repaying their debts. However, the price of oil then dropped, and Mexico has been left owing enormous sums of money and with not enough income from oil sales to pay back the loans.     4    

A．However, the Mexican government does not have enough money to do the work, and needs to spend what money it has on the Mexican people.

B．That is enough to have caused some of the ancient carvings to become seriously damaged already.

C．So unless the price of rises, it is unlikely that Mexican will be able to afford to clean up the pollution and save its Mayan ruins from destruction.

D．These measures would reduce the pollution, but would not stop it completely.

E．The problem, however, is not a European one.

F．They dissolve in rainwater and this makes acid rain, which damages trees, rivers and streams.

4 . A new Duke University-led study finds that more than 200 bird species in six rapidly developing regions are at risk of extinction despite not being included on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.

The study, ______ in the peer-reviewed journal Science Advances, used remote sensing data to map recent land-use changes that are ______ suitable habitat for more than 600 bird species in the Atlantic forest of Brazil, Central America, the western Andes of Colombia, Sumatra, Madagascar and Southeast Asia. Of the 600 species, only 108 are ______ classified by the IUCN Red List as being at risk of extinction.

The new analysis, however, reveals that 210 of the species face ______ risks of extinction and 189 of them should now be classified as threatened, based on the extent and pace of habitat loss documented by recent remote sensing.

“Good as it is, the Red List assessment process dates back 25 years and does not make use of ______ in geospatial(地理空间) technologies,” said Stuart L. Pimm, Doris Duke Professor of Conservation Ecology at Duke’s Nicholas School of the Environment. “We have powerful new tools at our fingertips, including vastly ______ digital maps, regular global assessments of land use changes from satellite images, and maps showing which areas of the planet are ______ by national parks.”

By not involving this type of modern geospatial data into its assessments, Pimm said, the Red List is ______ the number of species at risk and causing scientists and policymakers to overlook ______ areas for conservation.

For instance, while the Red List currently includes estimates of the size of a species’ geographical range in its assessment process, it ______ to account for how much preferred habitat remains within that range, said Natalia Ocampo-Peñuela, the new study’s lead author.

“Knowing how much of this preferred habitat remains -- and how much of it has been ______ or degraded -- is vital for accurately assessing extinction risks, especially for species that have small geographical ranges to begin with. But it’s ______ in the current Red List assessment process.”

“When these factors are accounted for, some species that are not currently considered at risk of extinction probably have ranges that are smaller than those that the Red List quite sensibly decides are at risk,” said study co-author Clinton Jenkins, who directs the biodiversity mapping site.

Added Ocampo-Peñuela, “Natural habitats in the most biodiverse places on Earth are ______, pushing species toward extinction a thousand times faster than their ______ rates. Preventing these extinctions requires ______ what species are at risk and where they live,” she said. “With better data we can make better decisions, and have a greater chance of saving species and protecting the places that matter.”

1.

A．printed

B．published

C．publicized

D．pressed

2.

A．reducing

B．declining

C．collecting

D．ignoring

3.

A．truthfully

B．gradually

C．currently

D．undoubtedly

4.

A．reversed

B．decreased

C．revised

D．accelerated

5.

A．advances

B．creations

C．initials

D．ideas

6.

A．invented

B．improved

C．approved

D．changed

7.

A．prohibited

B．recognized

C．appreciated

D．protected

8.

A．miscounting

B．undervaluing

C．underestimating

D．overestimating

9.

A．priority

B．international

C．local

D．superior

10.

A．manages

B．fails

C．tries

D．sticks

11.

A．developed

B．destroyed

C．exploited

D．deserted

12.

A．cancelled

B．highlighted

C．ignored

D．included

13.

A．developing

B．fading

C．discounting

D．disappearing

14.

A．major

B．current

C．natural

D．correct

15.

A．announcing

B．selecting

C．measuring

D．knowing

5 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Leeches as Medical Treatment

Leeches are small wormlike creatures that live in water and suck the blood of animals and humans. In the past, though, leeches were commonly used in medicine. Then advances in science led to other kinds of treatments, and leeches disappeared from the sick room. Now, however, they are making a comeback.

The use of leeches in medicine goes back at least 2,500 years. Doctors used them to treat the sick in ancient Egypt, India, Persia, and Greece. It was believed in those days that taking blood from patients helped to bring their bodies back into balance. This belief and the practice of draining blood with leeches continued through the ages.

Another use of leeches has been investigated by a team of German doctors who study the ability of leeches to reduce pain. Their patients suffer from arthritis, a painful joint disease that often affects knees, shoulders, or fingers. When the German doctors put leeches on the arthritic knees of their patients, almost all of them felt immediate relief from the pain. Most of the patients continued to be pain-free for over a month and some for as long as six months.

Leeches have also proved indirectly useful in treating patients with heart and blood diseases. Since the 1880s, researchers have understood that certain chemicals in. leeches prevent blood from clotting or becoming hard. Many people with heart or blood problems live with a serious risk of the formation of blood clots, which can travel through the blood to the heart or brain and cause death. In the 1950s, a scientist identified the chemical in a leech that prevents clotting. Later studies led to experiments with the chemical and the development of a drug that thins the blood of patients who are at risk for blood clots.

Though doctors today do not view the use of leeches as the all-purpose treatment it once was, they now see that for certain problems, this ancient remedy may be valid after all.

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6 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into the London Zoo that a wild puma     1     (spot) forty miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts decided to investigate.

The hunt     2     the puma began in a small village where a woman     3     (pick) blackberries saw “a large cat” only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being     4     it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at     5     place twenty miles away in the evening.     6     it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Several people complained of cat-like noises at night and a businessman on a     7     (fish) trip saw the puma up a tree.

The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma,     8     where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one     9     have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing     10     (think) a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

7 . Directions：Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. recently 　　　　B. estimated 　　　　C. employing 　　　　D. definition 　　　　E. confusing F. updated 　　　　 G. scientific　　　 H. argument 　　　I. depending 　　　J. distinct 　　　K. finally

Most of us learn at primary school that there are seven continents, but the next generation of kids may be adding one more to that list.

According to a recent paper published     1     in the Geological Society of American Journal by a group of researchers, “Zealandia” is a new continent that’s hidden beneath the ocean.

Zealandia is     2     to be five million sq. km. Most of this massive area is covered by water, but its highest mountains already have their own name: New Zealand.

The small country is the only part of Zealandia that isn’t underwater, but the paper’s authors want the huge landmass to be recognized worldwide as its own continent.

“The     3     value of classifying Zealandia as a continent is much more than just an extra name on a list,” the researchers wrote in their paper.

Scientists discovered Zealandia all the way back in 1995, then started extensive research on the area     4     underwater and satellite mapping technology. After completing their work, they were     5     able to write a report suggesting that Zealandia be named a continent.

But who decides on what is a continent and what isn’t? There is, in fact, no official organization that does. Some countries’ schools teach that there are six or even five continents. This changes     6     on where in the world school is.

Due to their     7     as a “continuous expanse of land”, some classify Europe and Asia as the same continent --known as Eurasia. Schools in Russia and parts of Eastern Europe teach this.

And to make things even more     8    , France and Greece, as well as other countries, classify North America and South America as simply America.

This     9     over how land is defined has even stretched into outer space. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union（IAU）decided that Pluto was no longer a planet, 76 years after its discovery in 1930. Experts argued that it no longer met the requirements needed to be called a planet alongside the eight others in our solar system. It was therefore renamed a “dwarf planet（矮行星）”，meaning that countless books, models and museum exhibits all over the world had to be     10    .

But will the world take the same notice of Zealandia? The best way to tell is to keep an eye on our textbooks.

8 . Our carbon footprint is the estimated amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) given off as we go about our daily lives. While the global average carbon footprint is about 4 tons per person each year, Americans contribute approximately 20 tons of greenhouse gas per person each year. Compared to other countries, even those who use the least amount of energy in the US still contribute double the carbon emissions than the global average per person. And, not surprisingly, a person’s carbon footprint increases in size as his or her income increases.

How is it possible that people in the US who live simple lifestyles, e.g., children or the homeless, make such large contributions to greenhouse gas emissions? The answer is simple: Each US citizen has access to various basic government services such as firefighting and police departments, road and bridge repair, libraries, jails and prisons, the military, etc. When these public services are divided equally among the entire US population, it significantly raises the carbon footprint per person. In fact, according to a study conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the lowest carbon footprint that can be calculated for a person living in the US is 8.5 tons. And shockingly, this carbon footprint corresponds to a homeless person who sleeps in public shelters and eats in soup kitchens.

While it is admirable to make changes in lifestyle to reduce a carbon footprint, in reality, it is very difficult to do. The MIT study revealed that a “rebound effect” occurred when someone made an effort to reduce his or her carbon footprint. Take the example of a person who made the deliberate choice to buy a hybrid car instead of a large SUV to save money on gas costs. Very often that person would use the money he or she saved to do something else, e.g., take a long airplane trip. In this case, just one long airplane trip produces more CO₂ emissions than driving the large SUV for a year. This ends up having a negative impact on a person’s carbon footprint by making it bigger!

Can Americans reduce their carbon footprints? According to the study, it is possible, but it would require lifestyle changes such as giving up long-distance travel and buying fewer smartphones, tablets, and MP3 players that have large energy costs to produce and deliver. Another way to lower the average Americans US carbon footprint is to add a CO₂ tax on food, housing, and transportation, and most Americans don’t want their taxes raised. Unless we can find a way to reduce our carbon footprints, the price we may ultimately have to pay is much higher than the amount Americans will ever have to pay in taxes.

1. The first two paragraphs are intended to____.

A．show why people in the US should live simple lifestyles

B．argue against the world’s misinterpretation of US lifestyles

C．reveal how big the carbon footprints of people in the US are

D．stress the impact of carbon footprints on American peoples life

2. Which of the following is an example of the “rebound effect” (paragraph 3)?

A．Mary ate a large meal after she had been on diet for a week

B．Tom bought a hybrid car because it saved him a lot of money

C．Susan gave up long airplane trips to do her bit for the environment.

D．David had a good knowledge of what harm CO2 emissions would do.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．Investment in basic government services should be reduced.

B．A homeless person’s carbon footprint is not easy to calculate.

C．The less a person spends, the more environmentally friendly he is.

D．A CO2 tax has already been added on food, housing and transportation.

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．How Can We Change Our Lifestyles?

B．Can We Make Our Footprints Smaller?

C．Why Are Our Carbon Footprints Important?

D．What Makes Contributions to Green house Gas Emissions?

9 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. magical       B. cultural       C. meets          D. built          E. strong     F. damaged G. entrance       H. views        I. calendar        J. ranked        K. lit

A long red bridge stretches out across water. It runs across the Golden Gate. This is not the     1     to some sacred land, but it is just as     2    . The Golden Gate is where San Francisco Bay     3     the Pacific Ocean, and at night the scene of the bridge     4     up over the water takes your breath away.

Welcome to San Francisco, a place famous for its beautiful parks, hilly streets and lovely beaches. But the bridge is undoubtedly the most well-known symbol of the city. Before its completion in 1937, the bridge was considered impossible to build because of the foggy weather, powerful winds, and     5     ocean currents in the city. However, despite the difficult conditions, the bridge was built in no more than four years. Its total length is nearly 2 kilometers.

San Francisco     6     first on Lonely Planet’s list of the best cities to visit in 2013. According to the world’s largest travel publisher, it came top as a result of its     7     mix.

According to the census, 21 percent of the city’s population was made up of Chinese people. San Francisco’s Chinatown is the largest outside of Asia and the oldest in North America. Two traditional festivals, the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, are the biggest events of the year on the city’s     8    .

If yellow cabs are a key part of New York city life, then the cable car is San Francisco’s equivalent. The first cable car came into public service in 1873, and the slow and noisy vehicle has been a symbol of the city ever since. The cable car network was once     9     by a serious earthquake but, luckily, it has now recovered and provides better     10     than the subway.

10 . Vocabulary

A.extremely 　　　B.dramatically 　　　C.investigated 　　　D.interact 　　　E.advertise 　　　F.occurring G.tragedy 　　　　H.chained 　　　　　I.limit 　　　　　 　J.recalling 　　　K.ride-free

In 2016, a young British father was trampled (踩踏) to death by an elephant on the island of Koh Samui (苏梅岛) in Thailand. The     1     once again raised questions over whether it is ethical to use these giant animals as entertainment.

For many visitors, the chance to     2     with elephants is at the top of their holiday wish list. There’s no shortage of opportunities to do so, from taking photos of baby elephants on the beach, to riding them through the jungle, to watching them balance on tightropes and dance.

But what most visitors don’t realize is these animals are involved in     3     cruel methods to make them behave. They are often kept in terrible conditions. This includes being     4     up when not performing, without interaction with other elephants, a poor diet, etc. They are also subjected to training practices including beating and stabbing (刺,戳) with hooks.

Away from their natural habitat and forced to repeat the same routines day in day out, the torture continues throughout their     5     shortened lives. It’s not exactly the stuff that holiday dreams are made of.

Unfortunately, riding elephants is still one of the most popular tourist activities in Asia. The World Animal Protection     6     3,000 elephants at tourist sites across Southeast Asia in 2017. The study found that 77% of them were living in“severely cruel”conditions. It also found that there had been a 30% rise in the number of elephants at tourism venues in Thailand since 2010.   

Many parks     7     themselves as sanctuaries (庇护所) but they are not. Real sanctuaries will     8     contact with the elephants and visitors can only observe them from a distance most of the time.

The tour sector needs to play a much bigger role in restricting elephant tourism. As travelers, please avoid any place offering riding or allowing interacting sessions with elephants. When you see abuse (虐待)     9    , do your bit by leaving your review on review sites and social media to warn other tourists. It really does work—many parks are now becoming     10     as a result of pressure from tourists, the industry and the media.