Rescue efforts are ongoing after a massive earthquake and
Thousands of people have been killed, and the numbers seem certain
Amid the horror of the natural disaster have been reports of miraculous (奇迹般的) rescues.
Among the survivors, an entire family was rescued
A more bittersweet rescue
2 . El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nino in 1997 helped American’s economy grow by 15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvest, farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural in rich countries in growth than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nino may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Nino, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Ninos come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nino’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
1. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?A.It is named after a South American fisherman. |
B.It takes place almost every year all over the world. |
C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas. |
D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean. |
A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall. |
B.Droughts become more harmful than floods. |
C.Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses. |
D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically. |
A.more investment should go to risk reduction |
B.governments of poor countries need more aid |
C.victims of El Nino deserve more compensation |
D.recovery and reconstruction should come first |
A.To introduce El Nino and its origin. |
B.To explain the consequences of El Nino. |
C.To show ways of fighting against El Nino. |
D.To urge people to prepare for El Nino. |
Home to the headwaters of the Yangtze, Yellow, and Lancang rivers, the Sanjiangyuan area on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (青藏高原)
Decades ago, serious
Today, as people walk on the vast land of Sanjiangyuan,
4 . Best Parks to See Wildlife
A recent report from a vacation site listed the total number of species and sizes of several well-known national parks. Here are some of them to see the widest variety of animals.
Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio
Number of species per square meter: 317
Located 20 miles southwest of Cleveland, Ohio, Cuyahoga Valley National Park is a mixed ecosystem of forest and wetlands sheltering a variety of animals. From the boardwalk at Beaver Marsh, watch for water-loving mammals or snapping turtles (鳄龟) that can weigh as much as 55 pounds each. More than 200 bird species live in the park.
Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico
Number of species per square meter: 286
The representative for Carlsbad Caverns is the Brazilian free-tailed bat. Every summer, hundreds of thousands of the furry, big-eared creatures live in these caves in southeastern New Mexico, attracting crowds at sunset with their spectacular out flight. The Brazilians are one of the 17 bat species that nest at Carlsbad. You might also encounter wild pigs and cave swallows.
Acadia National Park, Maine
Number of species per square meter: 242
The Atlantic Ocean meets the Maine coast at this popular park on Mount Desert Island, providing habitat for wildlife with feet and flippers (鳍状肢). From the shore, scan the water for the heads of harbor porpoises (鼠海豚) and gray seals.
Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado
Number of species per square meter: 219
In western Colorado, the 2, 722 feet between this park s canyon edge and the Gunnison River below support numerous wildlife habitats. Experienced climbers and hikers who adventure into the inner canyon find collared lizards and mule deer.
1. Which park has the largest number of species per square meter?A.Acadia National Park. | B.Carlsbad Caverns National Park. |
C.Cuyahoga Valley National Park. | D.Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park |
A.Watch crowds of flying bats at sunset. |
B.Observe 17 swallow species nesting in the city. |
C.Play with turtles weighing over 55 pounds. |
D.Meet wild pigs in forests and wetlands. |
A.Cave swallows. | B.Gray seals. | C.Mule deer. | D.Free-tailed bats. |
Jiangxi Province has taken many measures to protect finless porpoises (江豚),
The species,
As the water level dropped to less than 12 meters, the lake officially entered this year’s dry season on August 6,
Wang Liang, who works for the provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jiangxi, said the province has released
Jingdezhen porcelain(瓷器)is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in southern China. Jingdezhen has produced porcelain
Although being a remote town in a hilly area, Jingdezhen is near the quality porcelain stone and forests which can provide plenty of wood for the kilns. It also has
Jingdezhen has produced a great variety of
7 . Last year my daughter started feeding a homeless cat that we named Miss Alice. Since then, things have
My daughter always treats them equally with care. The only one who seems
The thing that Miss Alice
A.progressed | B.recovered | C.ended | D.worsened |
A.forgiven | B.guided | C.fed | D.reminded |
A.dogs | B.birds | C.kids | D.cats |
A.resting | B.fighting | C.playing | D.eating |
A.plants | B.animals | C.neighbours | D.classmates |
A.unhappy | B.unfamiliar | C.content | D.honest |
A.protecting | B.driving | C.choosing | D.escaping |
A.carried | B.identified | C.loved | D.looked |
A.petting | B.checking | C.catching | D.admiring |
A.careful | B.effective | C.concerned | D.willing |
A.hardly | B.fully | C.obviously | D.definitely |
A.pick out | B.break down | C.apply for | D.give away |
A.tough | B.passive | C.caring | D.humourous |
A.complaining | B.sharing | C.struggling | D.cheating |
A.achievements | B.arguments | C.comparisons | D.connections |
8 . Some of the world’s best Coffea arabica is grown on Mount Kenya. This variety of the plant produces beans that are tastier than those from its poor cousin, Coffea canephora (known as robusta), which often ends up in instant coffee (速溶咖啡). However, global warming may reduce the total area that is most suited to growing arabica beans by about half by 2050.
Some farmers are trying to adapt to warming by moving uphill. Yet this pushes them into areas long used for growing tea. Not only is there less space higher up; the move stresses how warming also threatens to harm the tea crop, which supports about 10% of Kenya’s population. Warmer weather will push tea itself higher up area.
Kenya’s government-funded Coffee Research Institute is trying to find other ways of helping farmers adapt, such as encouraging them to plant trees to shade their coffee bushes, or to grow hardier (适应性更强) robusta plants. It is also trying to plant a hybrid, Arabusta, which would combine the hardiness of robusta with the flavour of arabica. Coffee snobs may turn up their noses at it, but they may have no other choices.
However, such adaptations may bring social costs. Many smallholder farmers are at risk of being pushed out of the industry altogether because they cannot afford the money needed to protect their crops.
Another option may be entirely new varieties. Researchers in London are studying a wild type of coffee, Coffea stenophylla. It is delicious and can also take the heat. But it produces lower harvest than existing varieties and it may be years before it is widely grown. Without a breakthrough of some sort, caffeine addicts may face a future too unpleasant to imagine. “If we don’t have the innovation (创新) to respond to climate challenges,” Vern Long of World Coffee Research says, “we’re just going to be drinking man-made coffee.”
1. In what way is Coffea arabica better than Coffea robusta?A.Flavor. | B.Harvest. | C.Hardiness. | D.Sales. |
A.Robusta. | B.Arabica. | C.Arabusta. | D.Stenophylla. |
A.Good money will be brought in. |
B.The areas of tea crop will be reduced. |
C.The cost of coffee-planting may drop. |
D.Smallholder coffee farmers may disappear. |
A.To give suggestions to coffee farmers. |
B.To recommend new varieties of coffee. |
C.To introduce coffee industry under threat. |
D.To list possible solutions to climate changes. |
9 . Two high school students have identified four new planets in distant space about 200-light-years from Earth, making them “the youngest astronomers” to make such a discovery.
Kartik Pingle, 16, and Jasmine Wright. 18, who both attend schools in Massachusetts, participated in the Student Research Mentoring Program (SRMP). With the help of Tansu Daylan, an MIT doctor for Astrophysics and Space Research, the students studied and analyzed data from the Transiting Exoplanct Survey Satellite (TESS). Together they focused on Tess Object of Interest (TOI) 1233, a nearby, bright sun-like star and here they found four planets rotating(旋转)around the star. “We were looking to see changes in light over time,” Pingle explained, “the idea is that if the planet transits the star, or passes in front of it, it would periodically cover up the star and decrease its brightness.”
While studying 1233, Pingle and Wright had at least hoped to find one planet but were overwhelmed with joy when a total of four were spotted. “I was very excited and very shocked.” Wright said. “We knew this was the goal of Daylan’s research, but to actually find a multi-planetary system, and be part of the discovering team, was really cool.” Three of the newly discovered planets are considered as “sub-Neptunes”, which are gaseous, but smaller than the Neptune that lives in our solar system. While observing the planets, the team determined each one completes their orbit around 1233 every six to 19.5 days. However, the fourth planet is called a “super-Earth” for its large size and rockiness this one orbits around the star in just under four days.
“We have long been studying planets beyond our solar system and with multi-planetary systems, the two young students are kind of hitting the jackpot. They are really blessed.” Daylan said. “The planets originated from the same disk of matter around the same star, but they ended up being different planets with different atmospheres and different climates due to their different orbits. So, we would like to understand the basic processes of planet formation and evolution using this planetary system.”
Daylan added that it was a “win-win” to work with Pingle and Wright on the study. “As a researcher, I really enjoy interacting with young brains that are open to experimentation and learning and have slightest bias(偏见).”he said, “I also think it is very beneficial to high school students, since they get exposure to cutting-edge research, and this prepares them quickly for a research career.”
1. How did the two students identify the four planets?A.By helping professor Tansu Daylan with the data. |
B.By analyzing the change of brightness of star 1233. |
C.By studying Neptune that lives in our solar system. |
D.By interacting with other young talented brains. |
A.It was made by two high school students. |
B.It was made with an innovative approach. |
C.It was meant to be made by Tansu Daylan. |
D.It found the largest number of planets at a time. |
A.Making a discovery difficultly. | B.Achieving the goal easily. |
C.Succeeding in something luckily. | D.Performing a task carefully. |
A.It allows the scientists to work with young people without prejudice. |
B.It equips future astronomers with better researching abilities. |
C.It provides more perspectives and thus boosts more discoveries. |
D.It arouses students’ interest in exploring the unknown universe. |
A.A forest fire. | B.A terrible rainstorm. | C.Some lovely pet animals. |