1 . Goldfish may seem like simple creatures swimming in a glass tank, but they possess a rather complicated navigation system, as discovered by researchers at the University of Oxford Led by Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux, the study aims to shed light on our understanding of how fish, and potentially humans, estimate distances using what could be described as an internal GPS.
Writing in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Sibeaux and colleagues report how they created a tank in their experiment with 2cm-wide black and white vertical stripes (条纹) on the walls, connected by similar stripes across the floor. The team trained nine goldfish to swim a set distance of 70cm and then return to their starting point when waved at. The experiment aimed to investigate how the fish would estimate this distance without any gestures, under different patterns.
Over multiple trials, the goldfish averaged a swim distance of 74cm, give or take 17cm, when presented with the vertical 2cm-wide stripes. However, when the stripe pattern was altered to either narrower vertical stripes, checked patterns, or horizontal stripes, the fish’s behavior changed significantly. Narrower vertical stripes led them to overestimating the distance by 36%, while horizontal stripes resulted in highly inconsistent estimations.
According to the researchers, the goldfish appeared to be using an “optic (光学的) flow mechanism” based on the visual density of their environment. They kept track of how frequently the vertical pattern switched between black and white to estimate how far they had traveled. The study suggests that different optic flow mechanisms are used by mammals, including humans, based on angular (有角度的) motion of visual features. The study implies that the use of visually based distance information could have emerged early in the evolutionary timeline.
“This study is novel because, despite knowing that fish respond to geometric information regarding direction and distance, we don’t know how they estimate distances,” Professor Colin Lever, although not involved in the study, said, “it’s exciting to explore fish spatial mapping because fish navigation evolved earlier and better than most mammals.”
1. Why did Dr. Adelaide Sibeaux conduct the study on goldfish?A.To test the accuracy of goldfish’s internal GPS. |
B.To create an advanced navigation system for humans |
C.To uncover how an inbuilt GPS helps calculate distances. |
D.To explore the relationships between goldfish and humans |
A.People gestured the goldfish throughout the experiment |
B.The tank was decorated with colorful background patterns |
C.Goldfish tended to underestimate distances with horizontal stripes. |
D.The change in the tank setting led to the goldfish's incorrect judgment. |
A.optic flow mechanism is unique to humans |
B.mammals developed flow mechanism long before goldfish |
C.goldfish evaluated the distance with multidimensional visual information |
D.visual density of the environment strengthened the locating ability of goldfish |
A.Neutral. | B.Ambiguous. | C.Disapproving. | D.Favorable. |
1. 活动的时间和人员;
2. 活动过程:
(1)远足要穿过一个大沙漠以考验参加者的体力和耐力;
(2)参加者将体验刺激的漂流活动 (white-water rafting);
(3)参加者将爬一座最大海拔高度为5000米的高山,并遇到一些野生动物;
(4)远足组织者将提供良好的住宿 (accommodation)并要求参加者携带轻而有用的行李。
注意:词数100左右。
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Nature inspired us to figure out ways to solve the problems we faced. Birds inspired us to fly, beavers gave us ideas on how to build dams (大坝) and even tiny white ants demonstrated building ideas that we could use. By means of
Bats (蝙蝠) can use
Spider (蜘蛛) silk is one of the strongest materials in nature, believed to be five times
Even plants can inspire invention.
Students should
Japan said on Tuesday that it had decided to
The
“The Japanese government ignores concerns and strong opposition both at home and abroad. Such an
Greenpeace(绿色和平组织)criticized Japan’s plan and said there are other solutions that should
5 . Last year in early summer, I was walking to my house when I saw two large birds standing in my yard. They didn’t seem to
A few weeks later, the birds
As I inched towards the birds,
The mother put the baby birds under her wings and carefully crouched down over them so her babies were well
I was watching them with respect when I suddenly
I felt sorry to have disturbed them and left quickly. I am amazed by their
A.remind | B.confirm | C.notice | D.protest |
A.immediately | B.familiarly | C.creatively | D.slowly |
A.feeling | B.sense | C.opinion | D.idea |
A.investigated | B.removed | C.gathered | D.reappeared |
A.stuck out | B.put down | C.hang out | D.turned around |
A.collection | B.discovery | C.conclusion | D.mission |
A.jumping | B.fighting | C.seeking | D.marching |
A.curious | B.patient | C.worried | D.careful |
A.neater | B.simpler | C.longer | D.stronger |
A.fed | B.hidden | C.raised | D.identified |
A.tripped | B.moved | C.alarmed | D.responded |
A.target | B.defence | C.threat | D.escape. |
A.shooting | B.spilling | C.folding | D.spreading |
A.military | B.individual | C.brave | D.average |
A.gratitude | B.respect | C.emotion | D.pleasure |
1. Which pet may an outgoing person prefer?
A.A bird. | B.A dog. | C.A cat. |
A.Clever. | B.Sociable. | C.Careful. |
A.Pet people’s personalities. | B.More outgoing dog people. | C.Less sociable cat people. |
7 . Pet owners have a big responsibility when it comes to taking care of their furry friends Unfortunately, many pet owners make common mistakes as follows.
● Not providing enough exercise or mental stimulation for your pet
All pets need regular exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and happy.
● Over feeding
You might think you’re doing your pet a favor by giving them extra treats, but overfeeding can do more harm than good.
● Not socializing your puppy
Socialization is key to a well-behaved and happy dog. Make sure to introduce your puppy to different people, animals and situations.
Pets are great at hiding their pain and discomfort, so it’s important to watch for any change in behavior or appetite. Don’t hesitate to bring something up with your vet if you notice something off.
To help avoid these types of errors,Wanda Morgan, Chief Editor of Workout Lunatic, gives the following tips.
● Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is always the way to go when training your pet. Use treats and verbal praise to encourage good behavior instead of punishment or scolding.
● Addressing underlying anxiety causes
A.Ignoring signs of illness |
B.Not trusting your puppy |
C.It can help them grow confident and well-adjusted |
D.It can lead to obesity and other serious medical conditions |
E.Mental exercise is crucial to your pet as much as physical exercise |
F.Anxiety-based behavior can stem from a lack of attention or stimulation |
G.Without enough physical activity, your pet may become overweight or bored |
8 . Gardens are some of the most beautiful places on earth. The sad reality of gardening is that weeds compete with the plants you want and take away from their beauty.
Actually using chemical herbicides can have quite a few unintended consequences.
After weeds have already invaded your flower bed or garden, you obviously have to find a way to handle them. There are two basic methods of removing weeds: physical removal and mechanical removal. Physical removal — when using this method you are literally destroying the weeds by putting them out of the ground.
By using some of these natural methods, you can keep your garden looking superb without using dangerous herbicides that could damage your health and the environment.
A.But herbicides use isn’t the only way to get rid of weeds. |
B.Then, place garden plants close together to crowd out the weeds. |
C.You can pull out the weeds by hand or take them out with a shovel. |
D.As you might imagine, these chemicals poison the environment. |
E.Here are some solutions to keeping weeds from invading your garden in the first place. |
F.As for preventing weeds, covering the ground with landscapes fabrics may be a good way. |
G.As a result, weed control seems to be a never-ending part of sustaining the beauty of a garden. |
People in Bangladesh and India are struggling as they face serious flooding caused by early heavy rains. The floods
The flooding
10 . How to Survive a Lightning Strike?
According to the National Weather Service, almost two-thirds of lightning accidents occur as people enjoy leisure activities outdoors.
Keep an eye on the sky
Before you head out for hiking, check maps to locate visitor centers, campground buildings, or rest areas along your route. Once you hear thunder, see lightning, or sense that a storm is approaching, don’t hesistate to use your plan. Hikers are strongly advised to watch continually for the nearest shelter.
Know the storm’s distance
Count the seconds between the flash and the following sound of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by five to calculate the number of miles between you and the storm. For example, if the number of seconds is 30, then the distance inbetween equals six miles, and find shelter immediately.
A.Make a safety plan |
B.Check the weather forecast ahead |
C.If this simple math is still confusing |
D.If you get indoors as soon as possible |
E.People are struck while camping, hiking or boating |
F.Staying calm will help you avoid meeting further dangers |
G.Car campers can stay in the vehicles when no other shelter is available |