1 . The effects of “weird weather” were already being felt in the 1960s, but scientists linking fossil fuels with climate change were dismissed as prophets of doom (末日预言家).

In August 1974, the ClA produced a study on “climatological research as it is related to intelligence (情报) problems”. The diagnosis was dramatic. It warned of the emergence of a new era of weird weather, leading to political unrest and mass migration (which, in turn, would cause more unrest).

The new era the agency imagined wasn’t necessarily one of hotter temperatures; the CIA had heard from scientists warning of global cooling as well as warming. But the direction in which the temperature was changing wasn’t their immediate concern; it was the political impact. They knew that the so-called “little ice age”, a series of cold snaps between, roughly, 1350 and 1850, had brought not only drought and famine, but also war.

“The climate change began in 1960,” the report’s first page informs us, “but no one, including the climatologists, recognised it.” Crop failures in the Soviet Union and India in the early 1960s had been attributed to standard unlucky weather. The US shipped grain to India and the Soviets killed off livestock to eat . But, the report argued, the world ignored this warning, as the global population continued to grow and states made massive investments in energy, technology and medicine.

Meanwhile, the weird weather rolled on, shifting to a collection of west African countries just below the Sahara. People in Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and Chad “became the first victims of the climate change”, the report argued, but their suffering was masked by other struggles or the richer parts of the world simply weren’t paying attention.

As the effects of climate change started to spread to other parts of the world, the early 1970s saw report s of droughts, crop failures and floods from Myanmar, Pakistan, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Costa Rica, Honduras, Japan, Manila, Ecuador, USSR, China, India and the US.

1. The climatological research by CIA showed that ______.

A．global cooling had more evidence than warming

B．political impact was more unpredictable than climate

C．climate change could cause conflicts between countries

D．historical ice age had an impact on future weather

2. Why did the world ignore climate change warnings in the 1960s?

A．Because climatologists lacked equipment for observation.

B．Because crop failures attracted the world’s attention.

C．Because climate change was a national secret e of Soviet Union.

D．Because the world was busy developing economy and technology.

3. How did the world respond to the suffering of the first victims of climate change?

A．The US provided them with grain to reduce hunger.

B．The rich countries failed to notice their struggle.

C．The world praised their courage in the face of weird weather.

D．The African people migrated to the area near Sahara.

4. Throughout 1960s and the 1970s, climate warnings were ______.

A．unclear and confusing	B．widespread and neglected
C．rare and disastrous	D．frequent and insignificant

5. What is the purpose of the passage?

A．To inform people of the ignored signs of climate changes.

B．To call on people to protect the environment.

C．To explain why climate changes have effects on politics.

D．To tell people how to prevent weird weather.

2 . Every spring, in regions at high altitudes around the world, one of Earth’s tiniest migrations takes place. The migrants are single-celled green algae (海藻); they are relatives to plants growing in the sea, but instead of living in the sea they live in snow. They spend the winter deep in the snow. In the spring, they wake and swim up through flowing streams of melted snow to the surface, dividing and photosynthesizing (进行光合作用) as they go. Then, at the top, they turn red. This creates what scientists call pink snow.

The color comes from astaxanthin (虾青素), a substance that gives some living things their reddish color. The algae produce astaxanthin as a form of sun protection; it absorbs UV light, thereby warming the organisms and thus melting the surrounding snow. “The melting helps them a lot,” said Roman Dial, a biologist at Alaska Pacific University. “The moment there is liquid water on the snow, the algae start growing.”

Pink snow is a perfectly natural phenomenon, but in an age of disappearing glaciers (冰川), it is also problematic. Last year, scientists discovered that the algae turned the snow surface dark, reducing the amount of sunlight reflected by some glaciers in Scandinavia—and increasing the amount of sunlight absorbed—by 30%. The result, as Dial and his colleagues demonstrated in this month’s issue of Nature Geoscience, is faster melting. As in other parts of the warming planet—particularly the Arctic, where scientists fear that melting permafrost (永冻土层) may lead to further climatic changes. Ice sheets are already being darkened by dust and ash, which makes the process of melting faster and provides nutrients for algae growth. As the organisms multiply, they melt even more snow, which allows them to increase in their population again. “It spreads more rapidly than people realize, once it gets established,” Dial said.

Snow algae need snow; when that’s gone, which seems to be the direction of things, the snow algae will go, too. Before the snow algae disappear, though, and while there’s still some glacier left, it’s entirely possible that the last snow we’ll see on Earth will be pink or even red, a wound on Earth.

1. What causes the color of pink snow?

A．The migration that involves the algae and other plants.

B．The flowing streams that the algae travel through.

C．The algae that turn red at the snow’s surface.

D．The sunlight that directly reflects on the algae.

2. How does astaxanthin benefit the algae according to Paragraph 2?

A．It absorbs UV light to cool down the algae.	B．It prevents the algae from photosynthesizing.
C．It colors the algae for the purpose of decoration.	D．It helps protect the algae from the sun.

3. What is the problem associated with pink snow mentioned in Paragraph 3?

A．It increases the reflection of sunlight.	B．It speeds up the melting of glaciers.
C．It leads to a decrease in algae populations.	D．It reduces the amount of liquid water available.

4. According to the passage, what concern do scientists have regarding the Arctic region?

A．The rapid melting of glaciers may lead to an increase in permafrost.

B．The darkening of ice sheets may slow down the process of melting.

C．The warming climate may result in the extinction of algae in the region.

D．Darkening ice sheets and multiplied algae may worsen climate change.

5. What is the author’s attitude towards pink snow in the passage?

A．Concerned.

B．Indifferent.

C．Neutral.

D．Optimistic.

3 . To save the environment, we must all join in — and nobody knows this better than 70-year-old grandmother Pat Smith who spent 2018 cleaning up litter from 52 beaches in Cornwall on the United Kingdom’s south coast.

Smith set out in January, 2018 to carry out her New Year’s resolution of making her community a better and cleaner place. The ambitious goal came to her after she watched a documentary on plastic pollution the previous year, and she knew she couldn’t just sit by.

Often, volunteers would join her in her efforts, including her grandchildren, or she would join hands with other campaigners such as Wayne Dixon, who is walking around the UK coast as an ambassador for Keep Britain Tidy.

During her beach cleans, Smith was sometimes mistaken for doing community service! She said, “People don’t understand I’ve been doing this voluntarily. We should all take responsibility for picking up the litter as well as ensuring we don’t drop litter in the first place.

Even before her beach cleanups, Smith had begun her first environmental campaign to eliminate plastic straws (吸管) in her city of Cornwall . To date, she has encouraged 600 local companies to stop using unnecessary plastic. In an effort to make her hometown an example for the plastic-free movement in the United Kingdom, she founded The Final Straw Cornwall in the summer of 2017. “I founded the Final Straw to try and raise awareness of the disastrous damage we are doing to our oceans from our casual consumption of single-use plastics. I feel I have a responsibility to my children and grandchildren to do something about it.” She said.

Her resolution year may be over but this environmentally conscious grandma continues her quest (追求). “A lot of the rubbish I’ve picked up consists of everyday items,” said Smith. “These things are used by all of us and it is shocking to find them polluting our beautiful beaches. Please let’s try to be more thoughtful in this coming year. I’m driven to try and protect our living planet for my children and grandchildren and I will continue to do everything in my power to achieve that.”

1. What led to Smith’s New Year’s resolution of cleaning her community?

A．Community service.

B．A film or television program.

C．Various ocean protection campaigns.

D．Serious pollution in her community.

2. What’s people’s misunderstanding about Smith’s action?

A．She was forced to do that.

B．She just pretended to be caring.

C．She actually did only a little work.

D．She wouldn’t stick to the work for long.

3. With her founding of The Final Straw Cornwall, Smith intended to ______.

A．set an example to other aged people

B．stop her local companies from producing plastic straws

C．keep her promise to her children and grandchildren

D．make people conscious of the plastic-related environmental problem

4. What opinion about environmental protection did Smith hold?

A．It’s everyone’s duty.

B．It’s as hard as people think.

C．Prevention is more important than protection.

D．The younger generation don’t care about it enough.

5. Which of the following best describes Smith as an environmental activist?

A．Proud.

B．Happy.

C．Stressed.

D．Determined.

4 . 假设你是晨光中学学生李津。六月八日是“世界海洋日”,届时将举办“世界海洋日大会”,你将在会上做题为“Our Ocean, Our Responsibility”的主题演讲。请你撰写一份演讲稿，内容包括：
1.海洋的重要性；
2.保护海洋的具体措施(不少于两条);
3.保护海洋的倡议。
注意：词数不少于100词；
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5 . 假定你是育才中学学生会主席李华 ，你校即将举行主题为“Let’s go green now”的一项环保活动。请你用英语写一封倡议书，要点包括：
①倡导绿色生活的原因；
②实践途径(至少三点)。如：使用可重复利用的物品：出行方式的改变；利用可再生能源；树木的种植；节约自然资源等等；
③呼吁大家积极参加。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Boys and girls.

With development of society and economy, the number of private cars is increasing at a surprising speed.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Students’ Union

6 . Nature can be unforgiving, especially when it comes to the animal world. As such, squirrels need every advantage they can get in order to protect themselves from a variety of predators that may want to make them their next meal. Squirrels pay incredibly close attention to their surroundings, and they pick up alarm calls from other nearby animals in reference to nearby predators. Now, a new study reveals that squirrels also listen to nearby birds’ conversations to make sure there is no threat close by.

Researchers from Oberlin University say that if the talk from birds is relaxing and normal, the squirrel knows it is not in immediate danger. The authors said that squirrels were listening to bird conversations and sounds to assess their safety, so in order to test their theory they observed the behavior of 54 wild Eastern gray squirrels scattered across various parks and areas in Ohio.

First, a threat was shown by playing a record of a red-tailed hawk(鹰), an animal known to hunt and eat both squirrels and other smaller birds. Then, researchers played one of two different recordings; one recording was of many songbirds chattering among one another happily, and the other was with no bird noises. After playing these recordings, each squirrel’s behavior was monitored for three minutes.

As expected, after hearing the initial record, all the squirrels displayed defensive attitudes, such as running away, looking around, or freezing their movements. Interestingly, the squirrels that heard the happy sounds of songbirds returned back to a normal, relaxed state much faster than the other group that heard the quiet sounds.

The study’s authors say that this indicates squirrels use the sounds of nearby animals to ensure their own safety. This allows the squirrel to either get back to what they were doing in a faster manner, or prepare for potential threats more efficiently.

“Perhaps in some circumstances, cues of safety could be as important as cues of danger,” the study reads. The study is published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE.

1. What does the underlined word “predators” mean in the first paragraph?

A．Animals that hunt squirrels as food.

B．Animals that make friends with squirrels.

C．Animals that hunt squirrels and birds at night.

D．Animals that steal the food from the squirrels’ nests.

2. What will the squirrels do after hearing the sound of a red-tailed hawk?

A．They will stay and freeze.

B．They will behave normally.

C．They will keep on their guard.

D．They will look around and run away.

3. How did the researchers get the result?

A．By studying the different data.

B．By listing the different figures.

C．By comparing the different responses.

D．By playing different games with the squirrels.

4. What is the best title for the passage?

A．Three interesting experiments.

B．Squirrels listen to birds to stay safe.

C．Judging danger from nearby sounds.

D．Squirrels can record the dangerous sound.

7 . 阅读下面短文，并根据短文内容完成下列各题。

After being evacuated (疏散) from her Florida home following Hurricane Michael. Amber Gee was attempting to get an idea of the destruction left behind when she discovered a sign of trouble. As reported by ABC News, Gee was using NOAA’s interactive aerial map (交互式航拍地图) to check the damage done to her and her family’s homes when she spotted the word “H-E-L-P” spelled out in the yard.

The NOAA website allows those impacted in the hurricane to get a look at specific streets or homes by zooming in on (用变焦距镜头拉近) aerial imagery of the affected area. According to ABC News, Gee was looking at one of these photos when she noticed a cry for help spelled out in wood in the front yard of her grandmother’s Bay County home.

Though her grandmother had evacuated, several other family members, including Gee’s uncle and his wife, had stayed behind. After spotting the message, Gee alerted (向……报警) Bay County Emergency Services, who went to the house and rescued those who were trapped in the residence.

“Apparently, they had to cut through a lot of downed trees to get there,” Gee told ABC News. Her uncle, Ernest, had reportedly used wood from one of those trees to spell out the message.

After the rescue, Bay County Emergency Services posted the incident on their Facebook page, writing, “This is an incredible story of how people are working together in this situation. Someone from another county was using the mapping app to check property in rural Bay County and noticed the word ‘help’ spelled out in the grass in wood. That person immediately contacted us and sent the picture and we dispatched emergency workers.”

Meanwhile, Gee says she is thankful that she was able to use the mapping tool to get her family to safety. “The hurricane has turned everything upside down everywhere. Some were more fortunate than others. I’m just happy that everybody is safe and sound and, hopefully, soon we will all get through this together and recover from this storm,” she said.

1. What did Gee use the mapping app to do? (no more than 12 words)
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Who can look at the NOAA website’s aerial photos of the affected area?   (no more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Who spelled out “Help” to cry for help?   (no more than 5 words)
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does the underlined word “dispatched” in Para. 5 probably mean?   (one word)
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What lesson can you learn from this story? Please explain.   (no more than 25 words)
________________________________________________________________________________________

8 . 假设你是晨光中学的学生李津。在世界地球日即将到来之际，你校与英国友好校将在线举办“绿动校园，青春飞扬”的主题摄影展，以此来记录校园环保活动中的精彩瞬间。现组委会向同学们征集照片，你打算参加此项活动。请按照以下提示用英语给组委会写一封信来推荐你的照片：

（1）描述照片的内容；

（2）说明选择该照片的理由；

（3）表达对该照片入选的愿望。

参考词汇：绿动校园，青春飞扬Green Campus, Flying Youth

注意：

（1）词数不少于100；

（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；

（3）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Sir/Madam,

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Jin

9 . Foxes in southern England have apparently developed a taste for automobiles. Instead of wanting to drive them, though, they’re eating vital components. The damage hasn’t just cost U.K. drivers thousands in repair bills. The foxes have also caused dangerous accidents when people have taken to the roads without realizing their brakes no longer work.

Already in 2009, police in the southern county of Kent warned drivers to check their cars’ wires and test their brakes before driving. Indeed, for some reason, the foxes seem to find brake lines particularly attractive. With their cars’ cables broken, drivers have had to get their vehicles fixed. That has resulted in occasionally sky-high bills. The damage has also resulted in accidents. Fortunately, we didn’t find any casualties linked to the foxes, but faulty brakes and cables connected to the animals have been behind crashes and stranded (抛锚) vehicles.

To stop the greedy beasts, motorists have tried all manners of techniques. Yet, the most effective way to keep the foxes away they’ve discovered is wrapping their cars in chicken wire. It’s a trouble to constantly have to take the wire off and put it back on, not to mention the potential scrapes and scratches on the paint. But suppose it’s better than having to get your brake lines repaired — again.

But why are the foxes so crazy about biting car cables? Nobody can say for sure, but it’s most likely a sum of multiple causes. First of all, the insulation materials (绝缘材料) on car cables in the U.K. were changed from petroleum-based materials to soy-derived substances some 15 years ago. Rodents (啮齿动物), from rats to squirrels, have been attracted to the vegetable-based coatings and it could be that foxes find them delicious as well. Another reason probably lies in England’s disappearing woodlands. With fewer wild places left, the foxes are increasingly driven towards cities to find food. And then there’s the issue of people feeding them.

“Foolish people have been feeding foxes and treating them as pets,” said animal psychologist Dr. Roger Mugford. “They normally avoid humans and anything’s been touched by humans but if they are getting food given to them, that’s changed.” If some drivers have been feeding foxes. they’ve brought this problem on themselves. Unfortunately, those same foxes will then proceed to haunt the entire neighborhood

1. What have the foxes in southern England done?

A．They have developed a good taste.

B．They have eaten drivers’ repair bills.

C．They have damaged some parts of the vehicles.

D．They have hit cars and caused some accidents.

2. What could be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A．The cost of each car repair is very high.

B．Police in Kent are helping drivers chase away foxes.

C．Foxes biting car cables have caused a number of rollover accidents and deaths.

D．Drivers in some areas were warned years ago about the damage caused by foxes.

3. What can we learn about chicken wire from Paragraph 3?

A．It may cause damage to the car.

B．It may trap the drivers sometimes.

C．It’s easy to be removed and put back on.

D．It can be used to repair the brake lines.

4. Which of the following might NOT be a cause foxes like to chew on car cables?

A．Changes in car cable insulation materials.

B．The area of forestland continues to decrease.

C．Some people like to feed foxes

D．Foxes and rodents are similar in appearance.

5. What is the author’s attitude towards feeding foxes?

A．Praising.

B．Supportive.

C．Grateful.

D．Opposed.

10 . Every year, millions of monarch butterflies migrate 3,000 miles to Mexico from North America. “Everybody knows about the monarchs’ migration,” says Andy Davis, an animal ecologist at the University of Georgia. “But one of the things that we still don’t understand is how they’re capable of making such tremendous flight while being such small animals with limited energy.” Amazingly, some of the monarch’s continent-spanning magic may be owed to the size of its wing spot, according to a study published in PLOS One.

The question of how color influences the monarch’s flight began when Mostafa Hassanalian, a professor of mechanical engineering, published a paper about how the colors on the wings of the albatross (信天翁) might help it fly for longer distances. The black on the top of the bird’s wings absorbs more solar energy, creating a pocket of warm air; the white on the bottom absorbs less. Together, the opposite colors create more lift and less drag, helping the albatross to fly up more efficiently.

Motivated by Hassanalian’s paper, Andy Davis contacted him and they teamed up with three other experts to investigate whether the orange, black. and white patterns on North American monarch butterflies’ wings influenced their flight distance. Specifically, they explored whether these color patterns determined how far the butterflies could fly. They discovered that surviving migratory monarchs had 3% less black pigment (色素) and 3% more white pigment a surprising contrast from the albatross. They also observed larger white spots on Eastern monarchs, which migrate farther than Western and Floridian populations, along with deeper shades of orange. The team assumed that these color patterns might offer an aerodynamic (空气动力) advantage, although the reason for the larger white spots remains unknown.

Should the connection between white markings and flight performance prove true, they plan to apply it to drone technology. “If small coloration (自然色彩) effects can improve like 10% of your efficiency, that’s a lot,” Hassanalian says, “Another aspect is that your drone would be able to carry more, because this coloration helps it gain extra lift.” The enhancement could also benefit other aircraft, but he points out one warning: planes fly at a much faster speed than butterflies, so coloration may not be as relevant to them.

Other butterfly scientists have reacted to their work with both enthusiasm and skeptlesm. “It is a totally new idea and it’s quite exciting,” says Marcus Kronforst, an evolutionary biologist. “I’ve worked on butterfly color patterns my whole life, basically, and never, never considered this. It’s never crossed my mind that it might influence how the butterflies fly.”

1. According to Andy Davis, what remains a mystery of the monarchs’ migration?

A．How the monarchs manage the migration.

B．Why the monarchs make the migration.

C．Why the monarchs migrate to Mexico

D．How the monarchs choose the route.

2. Why are the colors on the wings of the albatross mentioned in Paragraph 2?

A．To reveal the mechanism of the albatross’ flight.

B．To show Hassanalian’s achievements in albatross study.

C．To indicate where the researchers drew their inspiration.

D．To introduce common color patterns of the albatross’ wings.

3. What assumption can be drawn from Eastern monarchs’ color patterns?

A．They reduce orange pigment.	B．They limit migration distance.
C．They resemble albatross spots.	D．They offer extra lift for migration.

4. How did the researchers draw the conclusion?

A．By conducting an experiment.	B．By making comparisons.
C．By doing field research.	D．By studying models.

5. How does Hassanalian feel about the application of the coloration effects?

A．Scientifically curious.	B．Cautiously optimistic.
C．Technologically skeptical.	D．Environmentally concerned.