1 . Chemists in mid-1500s Nuremburg had discovered that bird droppings were a rich source of saltpetre, a vital ingredient in the making of gunpowder. As a consequence pigeon droppings used to be almost as valuable as silver. Understandably, by the middle of the following century, there were an estimated 26,000 pigeon houses in Britain.
The practice of keeping the pigeon was introduced to Britain by the Romans. The Normans kept pigeons in specially constructed niches in castles and courtyards. When the pigeon houses in Britain were built, they were a vital source of meat and feathers. The latter were particularly prized as a source of warmth. Droppings gathered from the pigeon houses was a rich fertilizer, too.
The pigeon house was not only a source of food and revenue in medieval times, but also a status symbol. The privilege of building or owning pigeon houses was reserved for the rich. Towards the end of her rule, Queen Elizabeth I decided to open pigeon-breeding to the free market. Then, pigeon houses sprang up all over the countryside.
The number of pigeon houses across the British countryside was not universally welcomed. Each day the birds flew off to feed themselves on other people’s crops. By the middle of the 17th century, the problem of pigeons was so great that people feared that the destructive pigeons would turn England into a desert.
Luckily, an agricultural revolutionary, Charles Townsend, had introduced the turnip to Britain around 1700, keeping farm livestock fat enough to eat through the dark winter months. Later, vast quantities of natural saltpetre were discovered in Chile and California. Keeping pigeons went out of fashion.
Now, the homeless pigeons flew off to find somewhere else to live. One species discovered that Britain’s rapidly growing towns and cities were full of the sort of rock-faces they liked to rest on—humans called them “buildings”. Over time they’d become the wild urban pigeon that we know today.
1. Which of the following people in Britain would be least likely to keep pigeons in the late Middle Ages?A.Fruit growers. | B.The nobles. | C.Gunpowder makers. | D.The miners. |
A.Farm livestock used to be too thin for lack of food in the dark months in Britain. |
B.Townsend revolutionized agricultural development in Britain around 1700. |
C.The Normans set an undesirable example of raising pigeons for the British people. |
D.England was once faced with the threat of disappearance because of pigeons. |
A.Because people think it a sign of status and keep them to show off. |
B.Because pigeons like to stay on hard surfaces which can be abundantly found in cities. |
C.Because pigeons find enough food supplies when tourists and citizens feed them in squares. |
D.Because the government encourages pigeon raising as a profitable investment. |
A.A brief history of pigeon houses in Britain. |
B.From function to fashion — the pigeon houses in Britain. |
C.Profitable pigeon houses in Britain. |
D.Pigeon houses in Britain as valuable as silver. |
A.Feed the dog | B.Clean the dog’s house |
C.Give the dog a bath | D.Find something to eat. |
3 . As wildfires have intensified in recent years, scientists have begun to catalog the ways the massive events influence weather — but so far, all have looked at either enormous or relatively small scales.
But during 2018’s destructive fire season in California — at the time, the worst on record — Jiwen Fan started to wonder: Could the ever more frequent and intense fires raging in the western United States affect weather not just right next door, but as much as 1500 miles downwind?
Major weather patterns in the U.S. tend to travel from west to east along with the prevailing winds. Fan noticed that just a few days after California’s Carr Fire kicked off in mid-July — shockingly early in the expected fire season — a massive days-long storm struck the High Plains states like Wyoming and Colorado with flooding rains, baseball-sized hail, and 90-mile-an-hour gusts. The storm caused over $100 million in damages. Was it possible the two were connected?
Her team had the exact right tools to investigate the question. First, they dug through 10 years of weather and fire data to find examples of other big conflagrations (大火) occurring right before major storm events. The pairing was actually quite rare. That’s because storm season in the Central U.S. is centered around early summer; in the past, that season was winding down by the time wildfire season increased in August and September. But wildfires have been igniting earlier and earlier, pushed forward by climate change-driven drought and heat. Since 2010, the team found several big central storms that coincided with major Western fires.
They focused on a 2018 storm. Using a weather model that added in the effects of heat and smoke emitted from the burns, they simulated days-long storm event in several different ways. As the real situation had been, with massive fires burning in the West; as if those fires didn’t exist; and another set of experiments that included and excluded the effect of some smaller local fires that had been burning at the time.
The differences were dramatic: The combined impact from the faraway western fires and the local ones boosted the occurrence of heavier rainfall — where more than about 0.8 inches of rain fell in an hour — by 38 percent. The outbursts of big hail, with hailstones larger than two inches — nearly the size of a baseball— happened 34 percent more in the fiery conditions. But the far-off fires had a much larger effect.
“The impact is very significant,” says Fan. “That was a little surprising.”
1. What’s the study of Jiwen Fan and her team mainly about?A.The effect of conflagrations on the weather of other areas. |
B.The scale of all the conflagrations. |
C.The number of all the conflagrations that happened in 2018. |
D.The cause of the California’s Carr Fire. |
A.Because they were in lack of labor to dig through all the data. |
B.Because storm season in the Central U.S. isn’t in line with the wildfire season. |
C.Because wildfires usually take place in the early summer. |
D.Because wildfires are pushed forward by big storms. |
A.They invited other experts to do experiments with them. |
B.They interviewed a lot of local people and analyzed the data they collected. |
C.They simulated storm event in different ways by using a weather model. |
D.They observed the real situations and calculated thoroughly. |
A.The number of the big wildfires was beyond the team’s expectation. |
B.The size of the hailstones was definitely incredible. |
C.The occurrence of heavy rainfall shocked Fan’s team. |
D.The conflagrations did have great effect on the occurrence of storm in other areas. |
4 . China becomes a world leader in clean technology by fighting environmental pollution, sharing experience.
Erik Solheim, former executive director of the United Nations Environmental Programme, said he is
This is very
He believes that it’s time for the rest of the world to
For Solheim, who is also the former Norwegian Minister of the Environment and Minister of International Development, China’s achievements on the climate and environmental fronts all started with its fight against
“People wanted to see beautiful skies over their cities,” he told China Daily. “The
The latest
Minister of Ecology and Environment Huang Runqiu told a news conference on Sept 15 that the country’s toughest measures and greatest progress on the ecological and environmental front have occurred in the last decade.
He said that
While poor air quality used to be a source of frequent public complaints, the average
About 87.5 percent of days last year were rated as having good air quality, up 6.3 percentage points from 2015, making China the country with the biggest
In the last decade, the
China has has legislated or revised roughly 30 laws and regulations, some of which focused on water resource protection, including the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, which was modified in 2017, and the Yangtze River Protection Law, which
A.confused | B.impressed | C.obsessed | D.connected |
A.available | B.accessible | C.sustainable | D.substantial |
A.evident | B.attractive | C.invisible | D.unique |
A.donating | B.contributing | C.manufacturing | D.distributing |
A.fall behind | B.put forward | C.look up | D.catch up |
A.pollution | B.environment | C.ecology | D.emission |
A.probably | B.inevitably | C.incredibly | D.traditionally |
A.biological | B.advanced | C.far-reaching | D.green |
A.study | B.figures | C.technologies | D.innovation |
A.thanks to | B.despite | C.regardless of | D.other than |
A.height | B.length | C.concentration | D.weight |
A.obstacle | B.improvement | C.contribution | D.cultivation |
A.quality | B.flavor | C.deposit | D.proportion |
A.accounting | B.making | C.looking | D.applying |
A.took effect | B.took place | C.took to | D.took in |
A.Last night. | B.At the age of 20. |
C.At the age of 9. | D.A couple of weeks ago. |
A.Because she liked it at their age. |
B.Because it was a story about animals. |
C.Because it was a fun story. |
D.Because it was a Disney film. |
A.Romeo and Juliet. |
B.A love story between two dogs. |
C.Different lives of two dogs. |
D.Children and dogs. |
6 . All About Qatar
Location: Qatar is part of Asia and is in the Middle East.
It is in the northern hemisphere.
It is a peninsula (a strip of land sticking out into the ocean) surrounded by the Gulf. It has a land border in the south to Saudi Arabia.
Capital City: Doha
Official Language: Arabic. English is also widely spoken.
Currency: Qatari Riyal
Government: Qatar is an absolute monarchy. which means there is only one leader who is called an Emir. The Emir has the final say in all matters to do with governing the country.
Religion: Most Qataris are Muslim.
Flag: The flag of Qatar is maroon and white with a jagged line in between the two colours.
Climate: Qatar is warm all year round and gets very hot in summer. Temperatures can reach 50 degrees centigrade! Hardly any rain falls at all.
Sandstorms are common in Qatar.
Physical Features: Qatar is approximately 100 miles long from north to south and 50 miles from east to west. The land of Qatar is mostly barren, low plains which are covered in sandy desert.
Wildlife: There is hardly any vegetation in Qatar apart from desert shrubs and grasses. In the north there are some farming areas which produce crops including dates, tomatoes and melons. Animals like goats and camels are raised too.
·The most popular sport in Qatar is football and the country has many beautiful football stadiums.
·Qatar is the host for the 2022 FIFA football World Cup.
·Qatari cuisine uses lots of fresh fish, rice and spices.
·Coffee is a very popular drink in Qatar.
·Qatar is a wealthy country due to the large deposits of oil underneath the land and natural gas (which is mostly mined off-shore).
1. The underlined word “barren” probably means “______”.
A.sandy | B.poor | C.fertile | D.rich |
A.Powerful as the Emir is, there is still something he can’t decided. |
B.There is hardly any animal due to the lack of vegetation. |
C.It is an island with border to Asia. |
D.In Qatar, people communicate in Arabic and English. |
A.A travel review. | B.A tour instruction. |
C.A newspaper. | D.An official introduction |
7 . They, stretching along the shore, swim quite lovely, looking for underwater greens to feed on. However, in these days, something is mixing with the sea grass that manatees(海牛)like to eat along Florida’s western coast. And it’s making them sick-even killing them.
It’s a poisonous form of algae, which is usually called “red tide” because of its color. Algae are plant-like organisms that live mainly in water. Most are harmless, but red tide is an exception. When it gets mixed in with the grass and the manatees eat it, they get so sick that they can’t even swim.
“They’re basically paralyzed(瘫痪的), and they become unconscious,” said Virginia Emonds, an animal care manager. Manatees are mammals and they need to surface often to breathe in air. If a manatee is paralyzed, it can’t swim and will drown.
As of Monday, the current red tide outbreak has killed at least 184 manatees since the beginning of this year. That has already beaten Florida’s record-high number for manatee deaths in a single year-and we still have nearly nine months to go!
The experts aren’t sure when the red tide outbreak will end. So many more manatees are in danger. The situation has gotten so desperate that Florida zoos have rescued at least a dozen manatees. You can find manatees anywhere from Brazil up to Florida-and throughout much of the Caribbean Sea.
In fact, the manatee is officially considered an endangered species. Thanks to the US government’s protection, Florida’s manatee population has grown to approximately 5,000 in recent years. But the red tide is threatening their survival. Some experts suspect that pollution from farms even might be fueling the red tide outbreak, because fertilizer that’s used on farms often winds up in water. And when that fertilized water runs off into the Gulf of Mexico, it makes things grow faster-just like on land.
1. The word “them” (in the first paragraph) probably refers to “______”.A.endangered animals | B.manatees |
C.algae | D.underwater greens |
A.has caused damage to most of the underwater greens |
B.serves to cultivate farm lands |
C.destroy manatees’ ability to surface to breathe |
D.give rise to 184 manatees’ deaths every month |
A.The current situation of manatees in Florida. |
B.The potential cause of the expansion of the red tide. |
C.The fatal effect of the poisonous red tide on manatees |
D.The researchers’ efforts to prevent the red tide from spreading. |
A.The red tide has been changing the manatees’ habitat. |
B.The red tide has been posing a threat to the manatees. |
C.The manatee is officially an endangered species. |
D.More efforts should be put to save the manatees. |
8 . Thanks to their evolutionary ancestry, domestic cats are, actually by their nature, more independent than dogs. Our cats, whose wild ancestors didn’t enjoy living in social groups as dogs do,
Although independent cats may not
Cats have successfully gained an edge for their outstanding ability to communicate with other cats over long distances and even when no longer
One of the most signs that your beloved pet is keen on you, is the way your cat greets you. When cats greet members of their social group, they
Besides, your cat might also be secretly signalling their affection by changing the way they look at you. When cats
A.however | B.meanwhile | C.besides | D.otherwise |
A.put | B.rest | C.calculate | D.stick |
A.company | B.edge | C.resolution | D.affection |
A.weakened | B.affected | C.worsened | D.strengthened |
A.distanced | B.perceived | C.bonded | D.appealed |
A.physiologically | B.physically | C.psychologically | D.realistically |
A.ignored | B.abandoned | C.overlooked | D.possessed |
A.comforting | B.exhausting | C.enduring | D.charming |
A.demanding | B.approaching | C.identifying | D.defining |
A.prepare | B.tend | C.wish | D.contribute |
A.exposing | B.committing | C.attaching | D.pushing |
A.knock | B.bump | C.encounter | D.stare |
A.unknown | B.undecided | C.unblinking | D.uncertain |
A.associated with | B.addicted to | C.adjusted to | D.assumed to |
A.critical | B.similar | C.grateful | D.decent |
Throughout the world, only 15% of the material that are used to make clothing is properly recycled, according to the Alle SacUrthur Club, an organization in Liverpool, UK, that boosts the circular economy. Most clothing waste—an
A change in the manufacturing process is being applied to the textile-waste problem by Essen, a start-up in Seattle, Washington.
Although there are abundant technical challenges, the main barrier
10 . Why we should spare parasites
Growing up, Chelsea Wood dreamed of becoming a marine biologist and studying large, exciting animals like sharks. Instead, she later found herself peering through a microscope at the organs of a snail. She had often plucked snails off rocks and collected them in buckets, but she had never looked inside of one. Seen through the microscope, they are surprisingly charming. “I couldn’t believe that I’d been looking at snails for as long as I had and missing all the cool stuff,” says wood. “I just totally fell in love with them.”
Nearly half of all known animals are parasites. One study projects that a tenth of them may be doomed to extinction because of climate change, loss of their hosts, and deliberate attempts at eradication. Though it seems few people care — or even notice.
Scientists warn of dire consequences if we continue to ignore the dangerous situation of parasites. Not only are some of them useful to humans [such as medicinal leeches, still employed in some surgeries], but they also play crucial roles in ecosystems, keeping some populations in check while helping to feed others.
Some experts say there’s an aesthetic argument for saving them.
We’ve barely begun to identify all the parasites. “That’s just not something that we’ve prioritized,” says Skylar Hopkins, an ecologist at North Carolina State University. So, Hopkins pulled together a group of scientists interested in parasites, and they started sharing what they knew.
Since parasites rely on other species, they can be easily hurt, Take, for example, the endangered pygmy hog-sucking louse. It only lives on another species that is itself endangered, the pygmy hog, which is disappearing fast. Then there’s the California condor louse. In the 1970s, desperate to save the California condor, biologists began raising them in captivity. Part of the protocol was to delouse every bird, on the assumption that parasites were bad for condors, though it’s not clear that they actually were.
While the death of parasites might seem like no big deal, ecologists caution that wiping them out could end up dooming the planet.
Even human health wouldn’t entirely benefit from wiping out parasites. The human immune system evolved alongside a group of parasites, and if we were to kill them off, our immune systems would then began attacking ourselves.
However, scientists aren’t out to save all parasites. The Guinea worm, for instance, should not be spared. It grows inside a person’s abdomen, causing harm to one’s health.
If anyone would want to get rid of all parasites, you’d think it would be Bobbi Pritt. As medical director for the Mayo Clinic’s human parasitology lab, Pritt identifies harmful parasites found all over the country and in every body part. Yet even Pritt has a soft spot for parasites. As a physician, she favors wiping out parasites that cause disease and suffering.
Ultimately, we do not want a war against all of them, because there’s still so much we don’t understand.
A.Without parasites keeping them in check, the populations of certain animals would explode. |
B.Beyond their aesthetic or scientific importance, parasites are an integral part of the biosphere. |
C.Parasites are sometimes rejected by the scientific communities that study the animal world because they rely on a host. |
D.“But as a biologist,” she says, “purposefully trying to make something extinct just doesn’t sit well with me.” |
E.Therefore, she has committed herself to finding more effective approaches to eliminate all harmful parasites. |
F.If you get past their “gross” appearance, you may find parasites’ way of living strangely charming. |