1 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. behavior	B. challenging	C. appear	D. responsive	E. increased	F. sheltering
G. command	H. evaluate	I. banned	J. similar	K. frustration

Perhaps you’ve had to put up with a moody, uncooperative teenager. You may have been one yourself. A new study suggests that dogs go through a     1     phase of stubbornness and disobedience when they hit puberty (青春期) at about eight months old.

Looking at the behavior of a total of 378 dogs, researchers found that the animals were more obedient and more     2     on either side of that eight-month period—but only when it came to their owners, not to less familiar trainers.

So not only do dogs     3     to have a difficult puberty just like we do, they also share the     4     that we often feel towards our parents or caregivers when we hit our teenage years. That means a lot to long-term puppy care and     5    .

“This is a very important time in a dog’s life,” says animal     6     researcher Lucy Asher, from Newcastle University in the UK. “This is when dogs are often rehomed because they are no longer a cute little puppy and suddenly, their owners find they are more     7     and they can no longer control them or train them.”

“But as with human teenage children, owners need to be aware that their dog is going through a phase and it will pass.”

In one experiment with 93 Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and their cross breeds, the dogs at eight months old were found to take longer and be more reluctant to respond to a ‘sit’     8     given by their caregiver than they were when just five months old. The eight-month-olds didn’t show the same stubbornness when the command was given by a stranger, though.

The researchers found further evidence of this effect in survey data gathered on 285 Labradors, golden retrievers, German shepherds and their cross breeds. Dog owners and trainers less familiar with the dogs were asked to     9     the animals’ ‘trainability’ by answering questions on obedience and how quickly commands were responded to.

Again, the caregivers ranked their dogs as less obedient at eight months old compared with five months old or 12 months old. The trainers reported the     10     obedience between the ages of five months and eight months.

2 . Countries are failing to take the action needed to stave off the worst effects of climate change, a UN climate report has found, and the commitments made in the 2015 Paris agreement will not be met unless governments introduce additional measures as a matter of urgency.

New taxes on fossil fuels, investment in clean technology and much stronger government policies to bring down emissions are likely to be necessary. Governments must also stop subsidizing (补贴) fossil fuels, directly and indirectly, the report said.

Greenhouse gas emissions continued their long-term rise last year, according to the report, but they could be brought under control. There are promising signs, such as investment from the private sector in renewable energy and other technologies to cut carbon, but these are currently insufficient to meet scientific advice.

Global emissions have reached what the UN has called "historic levels" of 53.5 gigatonnes(十亿吨) of carbon dioxide equivalent, and are showing no signs of peaking, despite a leveling off in the past decade.

Joyce Msuya, deputy executive director of UN Environment, said: "The science is clear: for all the ambitious climate action we've seen, governments need to move faster and with greater urgency. We're feeding this fire, while the means to extinguish it are within reach. "

Last month, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) warned of the dire effects of allowing global warming to reach 1.5℃ above pre-industrial levels. The world has a little over a decade to bring down greenhouse gas emissions before such dangerous levels of warming become inevitable.

Only 57 countries, representing 60%of global greenhouse gas emissions, are on track to cause their emissions to peak before 2030.If emissions are allowed to rise beyond that, the IPCC has said countries are likely to breach the 1.5℃ limit, which will trigger sea-level rises, droughts, floods and other extreme weather events.

According to the Paris agreement, the first global pact to bind both developed and developing countries to a specific temperature goal, governments must do all they can to stop warming reaching 2℃ above pre-industrial levels, with an aspiration to limit warming to no more than 1.5℃.

Jian Liu, the chief scientist at UN Environment, said some of the necessary policies were clear and available, if there was political will to implement them. "When governments embrace fiscal(财政的) policy measures to subsidize low-carbon alternatives and tax fossil fuels, they can stimulate the right investments in the energy sector and significantly reduce carbon emissions. If all fossil fuel subsidies were phased out, global carbon emissions could be reduced by up to 10% by 2030."

1. Which of the following ideas is NOT included in the UN climate report?

A．Governments should stop their subsidy to the coal and petroleum industry.

B．The efforts made by the government showed some promising signs.

C．Man has been breaking the historical records of global emissions.

D．There is still hope for us to control Greenhouse gas emission.

2. How do you interpret the underlined sentence in paragraph 5?

A．The situation is dangerous and we need to do something to bring it under control.

B．Immediate fire-fighting measures should be taken to keep the fire under control.

C．We are making climate efforts but the achieved effects can be easily reversed.

D．To reduce emissions, we need to close down the fossil-fuel-powered plants.

3. Which of the following statements is True according to the Paris agreement?

A．It is desirable for humanity to limit the temperature rise within 1.5℃.

B．Countries need to control the temperature rise within 2℃ above prehistoric level.

C．Developed and developing countries are bound by their own temperature goals.

D．Disastrous climate change will be irrecoverable if we exceed the 1.5℃ limit.

4. What does the word "dire" mean in paragraph 6?

A．upcoming	B．hazardous
C．crucial	D．convincing

5. What's the primary purpose of this article?

A．To show a huge gap between words and deeds in fighting global warning.

B．To present a clear picture of how Paris agreement is implemented.

C．To appeal for further global commitment to avoid disastrous climate.

D．To warn of worsening climate caused by lack of combined human effort.

3 . 　Suddenly Uncle Henry stood up. “There’s a cyclone coming, Em,” he called to his wife. “I’ll go look after the stock.” Then he ran toward the sheds where the cows and horses were kept.

Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. One glance told her of the danger close at hand. “Quick, Dorothy!” she screamed. “Run for the cellar!” Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed, and the girl started to get him. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trap door in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. Dorothy caught Toto at last and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room there came a great roar from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her footing and sat down suddenly upon the floor.

Then a strange thing happened. The house circled around two or three times and rose slowly through the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon. It was very dark, and the wind blew horribly around her, but Dorothy found she was riding quite easily. After the first few twists and turns, and one other time when the house tipped badly, she felt as if she were being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle (摇篮). Toto did not like it. He ran about the room, now here, now there, barking loudly; but Dorothy sat quite still on the floor and waited to see what would happen.

At last she crawled over the swinging floor to her bed, and lay down upon it; and Toto followed and lay down beside her. In spite of the swinging of the house and the crying of the wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep.

1. What does the underlined word “cyclone” in paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．deadline

B．flood

C．monster

D．tornado

2. Why did Aunt Em go into the hole in the floor when the cyclone approached?

A．To find the puppy Toto.	B．To find shelter from the cyclone.
C．To protect their fortune.	D．To get tools to help Henry.

3. Which of the following is True about Dorothy?

A．She managed to control the house.	B．She found herself flying in a balloon.
C．She turned baby crying loudly.	D．She remained undisturbed with Toto.

4. Which words can be used to describe Dorothy in the emergency?

A．Afraid and brave.	B．Curious and tired.
C．Flexible and calm.	D．Excited and thrilled.

4 . If you like to take a walk in the woods in the United States or you prefer to decorate a tree at Christmas, you should know that climate change is making both of those activities a lot more ___________.

Looking at two ___________ and economically important species - the Douglas fir and the Ponderosa pine -scientists found that fires and drought _____________ by climate change make new growth difficult, especially in low-elevation forests, according to a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Some forests in four regions in California, Colorado, the Northern Rockies and the southwestern part of the United States have crossed ''a(n) ___________ climate tipping(转折)point for post-fire tree generation, '' the study says.

Climate conditions over the past 20 years have _____________ changes that would have taken decades or even centuries to ___________ across broad regions of the country. This is leading to the sudden _____________ of trees and making these lands increasingly unsuitable for tree regeneration.

''Climate changes is _____________ our forests now, not just in some distant future. Maybe in areas where there are really _____________ seed sources, there could be some trees, but it is becoming really hard to get these trees back due to climate change, '' said study co-author Kim Davis.

The problem probably won't get any better, as climate change is making intense wildfires much more ______________. Western foresters say there used to be a fire season. But devastating and ____________ fires have become a reality all year long. In 2018, fire cost California more than $9.05 billion, according to the USA insurance commissioner, the deadliest and most destructive wildfires season in the ________________ history.

A higher number of fires and low seed availability means a high probability that these trees in these regions won't come back, Davis said. This study ______________ on the driest and hottest areas of the Western forests, but researchers will next try to focus on how much will be impacted.

____________, there are some things people can do to ease some of this problem. Forest management plans that reduce high-severity burns can help. Increasingly, forest managers are considering allowing some fires to burn under more moderate conditions, Davis said, Forest ______________can also replant trees after fire, at least in the areas where climate conditions will allow.

1.

A．convenient

B．difficult

C．encouraging

D．frustrating

2.

A．ecologically

B．apparently

C．physically

D．financially

3.

A．destroyed

B．worsened

C．extended

D．established

4.

A．necessary

B．enormous

C．critical

D．invisible

5.

A．accelerated

B．delayed

C．eliminated

D．strengthened

6.

A．transform

B．spread

C．preserve

D．escape

7.

A．extinction

B．decline

C．tragedy

D．increase

8.

A．sustaining

B．abandoning

C．facilitating

D．endangering

9.

A．sufficient

B．limited

C．moderate

D．approximate

10.

A．occasional

B．common

C．essential

D．temporary

11.

A．astonishing

B．hopeless

C．costly

D．irreversible

12.

A．world

B．state

C．human

D．forest

13.

A．concentrated

B．depended

C．insisted

D．commented

14.

A．As a result

B．For example

C．In fact

D．What’s more

15.

A．savers

B．managers

C．researchers

D．advocates

5 . The name Sahara comes from the Arabic word for “desert” or “steppe”. At 3.5 million square miles, an area roughly the size of the United States, the Sahara Desert in northern Africa is the largest desert in the world. It spans the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Daytime temperatures can reach as high as 130 F. But it can also be as low as 2.5 percent, the lowest in the world. Most of the Sahara receives less than five inches of rain per year, while large areas sometimes have no rainfall at all for years.

At the heart of the Sahara is the landlocked north African country of Niger. Here the sand dunes can be 100 feet tall and several miles long. Here sand plains stretch over an area larger than Germany where there is neither water nor towns. Yet sitting in the midst of the surrounding desert is the town of Bilma. Suddenly there are pools of clear water. Surprisingly, there are groves of date palms. Underground water resources, or oases(绿洲), sufficient to support irrigated(灌溉)agriculture are found in dry stream beds and depressions. Irrigation ditches run off a creek to water fields. Corn, ‘cassava, tea, peanuts:hot peppers, and orange, lime, and grapefruit trees grow in these fields. Donkeys and goats graze on green grass.

The Sahara of Niger is still a region where you can see a camel caravan of 500 camels tied together in loose lines as long as a mile, traveling toward such oasis towns. There a caravan will collect life-sustaining salt, which is mined from watery basins, and transport it up to 400 miles back to settlements on the edges of the desert. The round trip across the vast sands takes one month

1. This passage is mainly about___________.

A．life in the Sahara	B．the deserts of Africa
C．the town of Bilma.	D．the way camels travel

2. Rainfall in most of the Sahara is ___________.

A．less than five inches per year	B．less than ten inches per year
C．less than twenty inches per year	D．zero

3. The Sahara can be described as___________.

A．a place where no one lives

B．an area where winters are freezing

C．an area that attracts many tourists

D．a place of contrasts

4. In the last paragraph, the underlined word “caravan” means ___________.

A．expert trainer	B．group traveling together
C．railroad train	D．a small, fast sailing boat

6 . When we go out traveling, we need either a map or GPS to point us in the right direction. But bumblebees have______of these things, yet they still know the best route Why is that？

It______that these hardworking little bees try many possible passages before picking out the best one and remembering it the next time they journey out. They learn from “trial and______“, according to a study by scientists from the University of London.

In the study, scientists set up five artificial flowers in a field. Each one of them was______with motion-triggered(运动触发的)cameras and had landing______with drops of sucrose(蔗糖)in the middle to attract the bees.

At first, scientists noticed the bees’ flying routes were long and______. But after they gained enough experience, they______got to their destination quicker. Every-time a bee tried a new route that was shorter than the shortest route it had ever______before, it was likely to use it again.______, the new route would simply be given up and another one was tested.

“The______at which they learn through trial and error is quite extraordinary. for bumblebees, as this complex behavior was thought to be one that only larger-brained animals were______, “ Professor Lars Chittka, leader of the study said.

In fact, the______bumblebees don’t strain(费力)themselves trying every possible route.______, they would only try about 20 out of the 120 possible routes to visit the flowers.

More interestingly, scientists found that if they______a flower, bees would continue looking at that location, even if it has been empty for a long time. “It seems bees don’t easily______a fruitful flower,” Chittka said.

1.

A．none

B．both

C．neither

D．all

2.

A．gives out

B．makes out

C．picks out

D．turns out.

3.

A．error

B．effort

C．fault

D．strength

4.

A．rewarded

B．fitted

C．supplied

D．associated

5.

A．platforms

B．floors

C．constructions

D．rooms

6.

A．tiring

B．accurate

C．complex

D．interesting

7.

A．slightly

B．unluckily

C．quietly

D．gradually

8.

A．behaved

B．acted

C．played

D．tried

9.

A．But

B．Moreover

C．Otherwise·

D．So

10.

A．energy

B．speed

C．direction

D．devotion

11.

A．interested in

B．opposed to

C．faced with

D．capable of

12.

A．smart

B．ambitious

C．realistic

D．gentle.

13.

A．Greatly

B．Normally

C．Thoroughly

D．Technically

14.

A．changed

B．decorated

C．cut

D．removed

15.

A．select

B．produce

C．forget

D．wrap.

7 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Sneakers (运动鞋) Made from Old Chewing Gum

Dutch fashion and shoe label Explicit Wear is hoping to solve one of life’s sticky situations—the annoyance of stepping in waste chewing gum on the pavement—while helping to keep Amsterdam’s city streets clean. The brand has partnered with local marketing organization Iamsterdam and sustainability firm Gumdrop     1    (create) a   limited edition sneaker for adults made from recycled gum collected from   the city’s pavements.

Chewing gum causes an incredibly serious ecological problem,    2    it is made from plastics that do not biodegrade ( 生物降解). It’s also the second     3    (common) form of roadside litter, after cigarette ends. An incredible 3.3 million pounds of gum are incorrectly thrown away on the sidewalks each year,    4    (cost) the city millions of dollars to clean up. Gumdrop plans to collect waste gum from the streets of Amsterdam, clean them, and turn them into Gum-Tec, the material that forms the base of the shoe.

The waste gum will be put to good use to make stylish kicks,    5    will also raise awareness for the anti-littering cause.    6    (price) at around $332, the shoes will come into the market sometime next month.

Available for preorder now, the new Gumshoe sneakers—offered in both a bubblegum pink and a black/red colorway—     7     (feature) long-lasting rubber outsoles (鞋子外底)   shaped   from   recyclable   compounds produced by Gumdrop, 20 percent of which are made from gum.

Nearly 2.2 pounds of gum     8    (use) in every four pairs of shoes. A map of Amsterdam is made into the bottom of the soles to remind people of the littering problem. Even better, the sneakers actually still smell like bubblegum,    9    the annoying stickiness. Just as good as any sneaker with a rubber sole, the Gumshoes help   get chewing gum off our streets and keep the dangerously non-biodegradable substance out of our eco-system.

To help spread their sustainability message,    10    Gumshoe’s creators are hoping to do is to expand their project to other major cities around the world.

8 . Climate emergencies are a bit like buses. You wait an age for one and then three come along at once. Parliaments in the UK and Ireland passed motions declaring a climate emergency in May. Last Monday, Canada followed suit.

It isn’t just parliament sounding the alarm. “This is a climate emergency,” said U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa for the first time last Tuesday. Hours earlier, James Bevan of England’s Environment Agency and Vince Cable, the leader of the U.K.’s Liberal Democrats, also used the phrase.

They join a cast of high-profile public figures already on the bus, from UK opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn to UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres. But how did the language of climate change campaigners jump to the lips of the establishment, and should we welcome its seemingly unstoppable adoption?

Does this language make a difference? A day after Canada’s climate emergency motion, it approved a £4.4 billion oil pipeline. Bristol City Council in the UK also declared a climate emergency, yet the city’s mayor subsequently backed expansion of the local airport. Nothing changed on UK streets after parliament declared a climate emergency, notes former Labour Party leader Ed MIliband. “This silent response to an alarm that we ourselves have sounded symbolizes the challenge we face,” he wrote. _______?_______

Mike Hulme at the University of Cambridge argues against the phrase because it implies “time-limited radical(激进的)” action could end the emergency, when climate change is actually a “new condition of human existence.” Some, HUlme included, also fear the language may cause counterproductive responses.

Bur Roz Pidcock of communication organization Climate Outreach says a climate emergency “suggests a response that is very radical in scale and ambition, but not incautious or knee-jerk(本能的),” and certainly not a license for extreme measure like geoengineering the climate.

Despite the risk of phrase being devalued, Rebecca Willis at Lancaster University in the U.K. tells me it is still useful ---and that’s because it is true. As Spratt says, “You cannot solve a problem unless you name it for exactly what it is.” Getting politicians to adopt the language will also be crucial to holding them to tough policy decisions later, says Doug Parr of Greenpeace.

The phrase’s widespread adoption isn’t a problem. The lack of action equivalent to such language is. And that action is going to include a lot of silently gliding electric buses.

1. Which of the following sentences may best end Paragraph 4?

A．We should strive to stimulate people’s initiative.

B．The use of “climate emergency” highlights the challenge.

C．Such a mismatch risks making the term meaningless.

D．There are many people against the use of the phrase.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that Mike Hulme thinks that ______.

A．climate change call for deliberate consideration before action is taken

B．immediate action should be taken to put climate emergency to an end

C．the phrase “climate emergency” may lead to the opposite consequences

D．people all over the world have been accustomed to climate change

3. Which of the following arguments can be used in favour of the phrase “climate emergency”?.

A．Extreme measures will be taken to address the issue of climate change

B．The use of the phrase may contribute to substantial policymaking.

C．The phrase will make no sense unless practical solutions are found.

D．Less attention is paid to the phrase though it reflects a true story.

4. What is the author’s attitude towards the phrase “climate emergency”?

A．Negative	B．Optimistic
C．Indifferent	D．Objective

9 . Each year, backed up by a growing anti-consumerist movement, people are using the holiday season to call on us all to shop less.

Driven by concerns about resource exhaustion, over recent years environmentalists have increasingly turned their sights on our “consumer culture”. Groups such as The Story of Stuff and Buy Nothing New Day are growing as a movement that increasingly blames all our ills on our desire to shop.

We clearly have a growing resource problem. The produces we make, buy, and use are often linked to the destruction of our waterways, biodiversity, climate and the land on which millions of people live. But to blame these issues on Christmas shoppers is misguided, and puts us in the old trap of blaming individuals for what is a systematic problem.

While we complain about environmental destruction over Christmas, environmentalists often forget what the holiday season actually means for many people. For most, Christmas isn’t an add-on to an already heavy shopping year. In fact, it is likely the only time of year many have the opportunity to spend on friends and family, or even just to buy the necessities needed for modern life.

This is particularly, true for Boxing Day, often the target of the strongest derision(嘲弄) by anti-consumerists. While we may laugh at the queues in front of the shops, for many, those sales provide the one chance to buy items they’ve needed all year. As Leigh Phillips argues, “this is one of the few times of the year that people can even hope to afford such ‘luxuries’, the Christmas presents their kids are asking for, or just an appliance that works.”

Indeed, the richest 7% of people are responsible for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions. This becomes particularly harmful when you take into account that those shopping on Boxing Day are only a small part of our consumption “problem” anyway. Why are environmentalists attacking these individuals, while ignoring such people as Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, who has his own￡1.5bn yacht with a missile defence system?

Anyway, anti-consumerism has become a movement of wealthy people talking down to the working class about their life choices, while ignoring the real cause of our environmental problems. It is no wonder one is changing their behaviours—or that environmental destruction continues without any reduction in intensity.

1. It is indicated in the 1st   paragraph that during the holiday season, many consumers .

A．ignore resource problems

B．are fascinated with presents

C．are encouraged to spend less

D．show great interest in the movement.

2. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the environmentalist movement .

A．has targeted the wrong persons

B．has achieved its intended purposes

C．has taken environment-friendly measures

D．has benefited both consumers and producers

3. The example of Roman Abramovich is used to show environmentalists’ .

A．madness about life choices

B．discontent with rich lifestyle

C．ignorance about the real cause

D．disrespect for holiday shoppers

4. It can be concluded from the text that telling people not to shop at Christmas is .

A．anything less than a responsibility	B．nothing more than a bias
C．indicative of environmental awareness	D．unacceptable to ordinary people

10 . Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Here is a lesson that we’re going to be taught again and again in the coming years: Most animals are not just animals. They’re also     1     of microbes (微生物). If you really want to understand the animal, you also have to understand the world of microbes inside them. In other words, zoology is ecology.

Consider the western corn rootworm---- a beetle that’s a serious pest of corn in the US. The adults have strong preferences for laying eggs in corn fields, so that their underground larvae (幼虫) hatch into a     2     of corn roots. This life cycle depends on a continuous year-on-year supply of corn. Farmers can use this dependency against the rootworm, by planting soybean and corn in alternate years. These rotations (轮流) mean that rootworms lay eggs into corn fields but their larvae hatch among soybean, and die.

But the rootworms have     3     to this strategy by reducing their strong     4     for laying eggs in corn. These “rotation-resistant” females might lay among soybean fields, so their larvae hatch into a crop of corn.

There are almost certainly genetic differences that separate the rotation-resistant rootworms from their normal     5    . Researchers at the University of Illinois began to study the genes of the bacteria in its gut (肠) and found some answers, after focusing on the rootworm’s own genes and found that the results were mostly inconclusive.

“The bad guy in the story----the western corn rootworm---was actually part of a multi-species plot,” says Joe Spencer, who was part of the study. “No wonder it was hard to figure out what was happening. We were only looking at the most obvious     6     of the story.”

If you really want to understand the animal, you also have to understand the microbes. The rootworm’s gut bacteria are effectively another one of its organs, but an     7     flexible change on that can happen dramatically when     8     to a new food source. This allows the insects to adapt very quickly to environmental challenges, far more quickly than if they could only rely on mutations (突变) in their own genes.

Spencer says, “Modern agriculture has always underestimated the ability of pests to avoid pest control, and I think the     9     that pest insects are not alone in their efforts should give us some     10    . There is a brand new tiny world out there inside every creature, and we need to start thinking seriously about it.”