How have you been lately? You said you want to know about the Great Wall. I’m happily to tell you about them here. The Great Wall was build more than two thousand years ago. It is 8,851.8 kilometers long, six to seven meters high but four to five meters wide. The Great Wall, that represents the long history of China, is great wonder created to protect the ancient Chinese people. Now the Great Wall have become one of the most famous attractions in China, and it attracts a large number of visitor from all around the world each year.

I hope you can come to China to visit the Great Wall on one day. I’m sure you will love it.

Yours,

Zhang Hong

If you go out to the fields at night in spring or summer, you can hear frogs singing here and there. It seems as if they were     1     (perform) a field symphony (交响).

The frog is a good and useful creature     2     benefits human beings. They can catch fast- moving insects. Each frog eats a large number of pests (害虫) that are     3     (harm) to crops. This little creature     4     (be) regarded as “the natural enemy of pests”.     5     now frogs are getting fewer and fewer. This is because they are killed and put on the table as a delicious dish by     6     (they) chief enemy, human beings. It is a shameless and cruel act, isn’t it?

The cause that is responsible for the rapid reduction of frogs is that     7     (farmer) use insecticide (杀虫剂) to kill pests. And frogs get killed as a result of     8     (eat) poison-killed insects.

Something must be done as soon as possible     9     (save) frogs. If we don’t punish those who sell and kill frogs to make money, then one day all of us     10     (punish) by nature for failing to keep them.

4 . In the 12th century, physician Ibn Zuhr conducted some animal research to assess the surgical procedures that could be applied to humans. Since then, animal testing has been considered the most efficient way to develop new drugs. New medical treatments and drugs are tested on animals first to determine their effectiveness or safety levels before they are finally tested on humans. However, it remains controversial whether it is morally right or wrong to use animals for experiments.

The use of animals for medical purposes is seen to be necessary by many scientists. Researchers usually begin their trials using rats. If the tests are successful, further tests are done on monkeys before using human beings. For testing, such tiered(分层的) rounds are important because they reduce the level of error and negative side effects. Some argue that animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments and there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system. Moreover, there are regulations for animal testing that limit the misuse of animals during research. They serve as evidence that animals are well taken care of and treated well instead of being intentionally harmed.

However, some other experts and animal welfare groups have opposed such practice, considering it as inhumane(不人道的) and claiming it should be banned. According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force-feeding, radiation exposure, operations to deliberately cause damage and frightening situations to create depression and anxiety. They also hold the view that animals are very different from human beings and therefore are poor test subjects. Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe. Animal tests on the arthritis (关节炎) drug Vioxx showed it would have a protective effect on the hearts of mice, yet the drug went on to cause about 27,000 heart attacks before being pulled back from the market.

It’s safe to say that using animals for tests will continue to be debated in many years to come. Despite the benefits of animal testing, some of the concerns need to be addressed with adequate regulations to ensure that animals are treated humanely.

8 . A new study has found that all dogs have different personalities—even dogs of the same breed(品种).

Elinor Karlsson studies genetics at the University of Massachusetts. She co-wrote a report about the study, which appeared recently in the publication Science.

Karlsson said, “Every dog really is an individual,” noting that there is “a huge amount of difference” even between dogs that look the same.

At a New York dog park, dog owners talked about the different characteristics of their pets. Elizabeth Kelly owns an English springer spaniel. She called her dog friendly, but also “kind of the queen bee.” In other words, her dog likes to act like it is in charge of other dogs. Suly described her yellow Labrador as “calm, lazy and shy.”

The idea of dog breeds is quite recent. Around 160 years ago, humans began to breed dogs to have certain physical qualities, such as fur, color and ear shape.

Karlsson said her aim was to learn how much a dog’s breed affects their behavior. The answer? Breed does not decide an individual dog’s personality.

Karlsson’s team gathered information from 18,000 dog owners and studied the genetic code of over 2,000 dogs. The researchers found that some qualities are based on genetics. However, it is not sure that two dogs of the same breed will behave in the same way.

For example, huskies and beagles, may be more likely to howl—or make a long, loud barking sound. But many of these dogs do not howl, as owner observations showed.

Usually,we are encouraged to be nice to our people. However, we always forget to be nice to    1     (we)environment.

Global warming is quite     2     big problem today in the 21st century. Pollution leads    3     greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere,which gradually causes the temperature of the Earth to increase. And the rising temperature causes the melting of glaciers(冰川融化)and abnormal weather.     4     (prevent)global warming is key to the protection for the Earth.

Simple things that can be done every day can help slow down global warming and make the Earth better place for us,our     5     ( child),and more future generations to live. We need to take actions     6     (active) to help reduce global warming.

There    7     (be)many ways to help,such as taking public transportation,riding bikes or walking. The question is    8     we are willing to put them into practice. If the answer is positive, act now! We should walk or bike whenever we can. It’s also an     9     ( easy) and more beneficial exercise than exercising in the gym. If we have to go to a place and we can’t walk,we should take the public transportation. We also try to encourage our friends and family to do the same to make a contribution to global warming. If everyone does something to help,we can make a     10     (different).

10 . Rubbish of all kinds is piling up in landfill and polluting our rivers and oceans. A more recent addition to the list of things we discard is e-waste — electronic items that are broken and not recycled. A UN report claims the 50 million tonnes of e-waste produced every year will more than double to 110 million tonnes by 2050, making it the fastest growing waste stream in the world. Now ways are being found to give it a new life.

There’s a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of electrical and electronic garbage. The BBC visited a Restart Project in London, which is one of the many found around the world. One of its volunteers, Francesco Calo said, “This project allows you to reduce waste, lengthen the life of objects, and it helps people who cannot afford to get rid of items that have developed a fault. ”

Electronics consist of materials like plastic, metals, chemicals and glass. As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another idea is e-waste mining. An experiment at the University of New South Wales includes extracting (提取) these materials from electronic items. It’s thought that doing this could be more profitable than traditional mining. With phones typically containing as many as 60 components, this could be part of the solution to our appetite for new technology.

These projects make total sense — collections of e-waste for recycling are not progressing or even decreasing according to Ruediger Kuehr of the United Nations University. And in countries where there are no recycling laws, much of it is got rid of. However, the European Union, for example, is trying to settle the problem by insisting business firms have to make appliances longer-lasting and have to supply spare parts for machines for up to 10 years.