1 . If you like to take a walk in the woods in the United States or you prefer to decorate a tree at Christmas, you should know that climate change is making both of those activities a lot more ___________.

Looking at two ___________ and economically important species - the Douglas fir and the Ponderosa pine -scientists found that fires and drought _____________ by climate change make new growth difficult, especially in low-elevation forests, according to a study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Some forests in four regions in California, Colorado, the Northern Rockies and the southwestern part of the United States have crossed ''a(n) ___________ climate tipping(转折)point for post-fire tree generation, '' the study says.

Climate conditions over the past 20 years have _____________ changes that would have taken decades or even centuries to ___________ across broad regions of the country. This is leading to the sudden _____________ of trees and making these lands increasingly unsuitable for tree regeneration.

''Climate changes is _____________ our forests now, not just in some distant future. Maybe in areas where there are really _____________ seed sources, there could be some trees, but it is becoming really hard to get these trees back due to climate change, '' said study co-author Kim Davis.

The problem probably won't get any better, as climate change is making intense wildfires much more ______________. Western foresters say there used to be a fire season. But devastating and ____________ fires have become a reality all year long. In 2018, fire cost California more than $9.05 billion, according to the USA insurance commissioner, the deadliest and most destructive wildfires season in the ________________ history.

A higher number of fires and low seed availability means a high probability that these trees in these regions won't come back, Davis said. This study ______________ on the driest and hottest areas of the Western forests, but researchers will next try to focus on how much will be impacted.

____________, there are some things people can do to ease some of this problem. Forest management plans that reduce high-severity burns can help. Increasingly, forest managers are considering allowing some fires to burn under more moderate conditions, Davis said, Forest ______________can also replant trees after fire, at least in the areas where climate conditions will allow.

1.

A．convenient

B．difficult

C．encouraging

D．frustrating

2.

A．ecologically

B．apparently

C．physically

D．financially

3.

A．destroyed

B．worsened

C．extended

D．established

4.

A．necessary

B．enormous

C．critical

D．invisible

5.

A．accelerated

B．delayed

C．eliminated

D．strengthened

6.

A．transform

B．spread

C．preserve

D．escape

7.

A．extinction

B．decline

C．tragedy

D．increase

8.

A．sustaining

B．abandoning

C．facilitating

D．endangering

9.

A．sufficient

B．limited

C．moderate

D．approximate

10.

A．occasional

B．common

C．essential

D．temporary

11.

A．astonishing

B．hopeless

C．costly

D．irreversible

12.

A．world

B．state

C．human

D．forest

13.

A．concentrated

B．depended

C．insisted

D．commented

14.

A．As a result

B．For example

C．In fact

D．What’s more

15.

A．savers

B．managers

C．researchers

D．advocates

2 . As consumers, especially young ones, become more eco﹣conscious, services are popping up to reduce wastefulness in the flower industry, extending the life of old bouquets（花束） that were previously thrown away the day after a big event.

Considering that the floral（花的）gifting market is expected to reach ﹩16 billion in revenue by 2023, buying from eco﹣friendly businesses can have a huge impact. According to one estimate, the roughly 100 million roses grown for a typical Valentine's Day in the U. S. produce about 9,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

“When you realize what the supply chain looks like and the number of hands that touch these flowers. and then they're only appreciated for a couple of hours, it's kind of disgusting when you think about the amount of resources that go into it,” says Jennifer Grove, founder of New York City﹣based flower service Repeat Roses.

While working as a wedding designer and corporate planner, Grove often oversaw the design of floral arrangements, only to see those creations thrown away within a few hours. In 2014 she founded Repeat Roses to make it easier for luxury clients to donate used bouquets. Like a traditional floral service, the company sells high﹣end floral decorations for weddings or social events, but it then recycles or composts（堆肥） them.

If a customer chooses the unique repurposing（改变用途） service, a Repeat Roses team can remove the arrangements from the event and then restyle the flowers into smaller bouquets to donate to hospitals, nursing homes and family shelters. If there's a charity that holds a special place in a customer's heart, the team will ensure the blooms are sent there. “It's a logistics business, and we're trying to make sure we are strategic in where we play matchmaker,” Grove says. When the charities are finished with the flowers, Repeat Roses also picks them back up and composts them. The altruism isn't free﹣prices start at ﹩1,750 for the removal and repurposing service to account for the transportation and labor costs. If you're not willing to spend that much, the company will still compost the flowers from your event instead of sending them to a landfill.

Through these two methods, Repeat Roses estimates it has diverted more than 98 tons of waste from landfills and delivered almost 53,000 floral arrangements to people in need. Although Repeat Roses is a for﹣profit business, the flower repurposing itself is a tax write﹣off for the client. As the fair market value of a client's donated flowers is what's used for the charitable tax credit and is eligible for deduction, Repeat Roses ensures that the beneficiary sends you an acknowledgement letter including details of your donation.

1. Jennifer Grove founded Repeat Roses in order to do the following except .

A．avoid the waste of flowers

B．reduce the pollution to the environment

C．earn money by selling used flowers

D．help some customers do charity work

2. The underlined word “altruism” in Paragraph 5 refers to .

A．the company’s composting the flowers

B．the customers’ donating flowers to people in need

C．the reception of the donation by the people in need

D．the transportation of the flowers to a landfill

3. What benefit does a customer who has donated flowers get？

A．To get a discount when buying flowers.

B．To feel fulfilled because of donation.

C．To get a tax reduction.

D．To receive a letter of compliment.

4. The passage is mainly intended to introduce .

A．a creative way of making money

B．a green trend of waste utilization

C．a way to cut the emission of carbon dioxide

D．a company devoted to charity

4 . 听下面一段独白，回答下面小题。
1.

A．The first complete map of the world's coral reefs has been launched.

B．Arizona State University has supported the coral science activities.

C．Paul Allen's private company created super coral to help save reefs.

D．Greg Asner will create the first worldwide, detailed coral reef map.

2.

A．A researcher from Arizona State University.

B．The late co-founder of Microsoft Corporation

C．The manager of a private financial company.

D．A professor from the University of Queensland.

3.

A．To gain free access to reef data

B．To join Asner's team.

C．To make their work more effective.

D．To see the development of the maps.

7 . Dandelions

I remember as a young child bringing a bunch of brilliant yellow flowers to my mother. It didn’t matter that the stems felt sticky or that both my parents cursed the presence of these flowers in the lawn. I thought they were beautiful!

And there were so many of them! We spent hours picking the flowers and then popping the blossoms off with a snap of our fingers. But the supply of dandelions (蒲公英) never ran out. My father or brothers would chop off all the heads with the lawnmower (割草机) at least once a week, but that didn't stop these hardy wonders.

And for those flowers that escaped the honor of being hand-delivered to my mother or the sharp blades of the lawnmower, there was another level of existence. The soft roundness of a dandelion gone to seed caused endless laughter of delight as we unconsciously spread this flower across the yard.

As I worked in my garden last week, pulling unwanted weeds out of the space that would become a haven for tomatoes, corn, peas and sunflowers, I again marveled at the flower that some call a weed.

And I thought, if only I had the staying power of a dandelion. If only I could stretch my roots so deep and straight that something tugging on my stem couldn’t separate me completely from the source that feeds me life. If only I could come back to face the world with a bright, sunshiny face after someone has run me over with a lawnmower or worse, purposely attacked me in an attempt to destroy me. If only I could spread love and encouragement as freely and fully as this flower spreads seeds of itself.

The lawns at my parents' home are now beautiful green blankets. The only patches of color come from well-placed, well-controlled flowerbeds. Chemicals have managed to kill what human interference couldn’t. I hope you and I can be different. I hope that we can stretch our roots deep enough that the strongest poison can't reach our souls. I hope that we can overcome the poisons of anger, fear, hate, criticism and competitiveness.

1. The author’s parents probably viewed the dandelions in the lawn as ________.

A．supplies of seeds	B．beautiful wonders
C．unwanted weeds	D．patches of colors

2. What does the author mean by “another level of existence” in paragraph 3?

A．The flowers were meant as a joyful gift to her mother.

B．The flowers evolved into a stronger species because of frequent mowing.

C．The flowers were tough enough to spread new lives themselves.

D．The flowers that some called a weed were difficult to pull out.

3. What can we learn from the article?

A．The author’s family enjoyed the dandelions as much as she did.

B．The author purposefully replaced some dandelions with crops.

C．The dandelions were never successfully removed from the lawn.

D．The author felt sorry but encouraged by the fate of the dandelions.

4. Through the article, the author mainly wants to ________.

A．share the inspirations she gained from the dandelions

B．arouse public awareness to pay close attention to the beauty in life

C．show the importance of planting dandelions

D．express the shame that only she saw the beauty of the dandelion

9 . To take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians have ever cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil. So when Columbus brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be Eden, everyone jumped to the obvious conclusion. Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans.

What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was thought to have come from Hell. What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. Though the tomato and the mandrake were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population considered them one and the same, too terrible to touch.

Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the Western people continued to drag their feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at here father’s house had been the “introduction of this wonderful new fruit--or is it a vegetable?” As late as the 20th century some writers still classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an “evil fruit”.

But in the end tomatoes carried the day. The hero of the tomato was an American named Robert Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820, people journeyed for hundreds of miles to watch him drop dead. “ What are you afraid of ?” he shouted. “I’ll show you fools that theses things are good to eat!” Then he bit into the tomato. Some people fainted. But he survived and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory.

1. The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because___________.

A．it made Christians evil	B．it was the apple of Eden
C．it came from a forbidden land	D．it was religiously unacceptable

2. What can we infer from the underlined part in Paragraph 3?

A．The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down.

B．There was little progress in the study of the tomato.

C．The tomato was still refused in most Western countries.

D．Most Western people continued to plant the tomato.

3. What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato publicly?

A．To make himself a hero.

B．To remove people’s fear of the tomato.

C．To speed up the popularity of the tomato.

D．To persuade people to buy products from his factory.

4. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A．To challenge people’s fixed concepts of the tomato.

B．To give an explanation to people’s dislike of the tomato.

C．To present the change of people’s attitudes to the tomato.

D．To show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence.

10 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Millions Of Baby Olive Ridley Turtles Emerge in Orissa

Nature is full of wonders. In     1     is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature, millions of baby Ridley turtles broke out of their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa. The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal     2           3           4     they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam, about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar.

Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles, a species     5       (threaten) with extinction, and one of the sites, Gahirmatha,     6     around 70 to 80million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year, is considered one of the world's largest nesting sites.

The female turtles drag     7     up the beach from the sea, dig a nest, lay at least one hundred eggs, cover and conceal their eggs and nest, and then return to the sea. The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that     8     (deposit) in the warm sand.

The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after 45-60 days, then the babies grow without their mother, which is a rare phenomenon in nature. Interestingly, it is on the same beach where they were born     9     the females lay their eggs.

In recent years, sea erosion has led to many turtles’ nest     10     (damage) or destroyed.

Also, some fierce animals such as dogs and birds     11     (reduce) the number of nesting turtles. And man has also had a negative impact     12     using engine-powered fishing boats near the turtles' nesting grounds.