1 . One million species (物种) face the risk of dying out, more than ever before in human history, according to a UN report released in May. And humans should be responsible.

The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) based the assessment (评估) on some 15,000 sources considering the causes and results of environmental changes over the past 50 years.

The findings are clear and alarming. The researchers have found that about 25 percent of the world’s plants and animals are at risk of dying out. These include sea and land animals. Even the domesticated (驯养的) animals are at risk; Over 9 percent of the domesticated animal species used for food and agriculture might have been lost.

There are some big problems. This rapid decrease of the natural world endangers global food safety and quality of life. For example, about 4 billion people rely on natural medicines, produced by the disappearing species, for their health care. And losses of species that pollinate (授粉) plants threaten up to $577 billion in crops each year.

The researchers found five drivers responsible for the unpleasant news. They think at the top of the list is the change of land and sea use. The change in ecosystems towards agriculture and other human developments has led to changes in the natural living space of species. It is followed by the direct overuse of creatures (harvesting crops, cutting down the trees, hunting and fishing) and climate change, including rising sea levels and increasing extreme weather events, wildfires, floods and droughts. The final causes of species’ dying out are pollution, and the spread of non-native species that can displace or kill native plants and animals.

The researchers say it is time for humans to make a change. They think maybe a new global way to save food and refuse waste in our life could turn the tables. Whether that is possible is an open question.

1. What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?

A．To introduce the topic of the text.

B．To introduce the schedule of the report.

C．To introduce humans’ sense of responsibility.

D．To introduce the history of human development.

2. What does paragraph 3 mainly show?

A．The reliability of the findings.

B．The species of animals worldwide.

C．The seriousness of the species’ loss.

D．The risky experiences of the researchers.

3. What is the biggest threat to species’ survival according to the researchers?

A．Climate change.

B．Natural disasters.

C．The direct overuse of creatures.

D．The changes of their living space.

4. What are the researchers in favor of?

A．Changing our living habits.

B．Spreading non-native species.

C．Limiting native plants and animals.

D．Stopping discussing the food problem.

4 . A team led by researchers from the UK examined waterbird data from 1506 protected areas and analyzed more than 27, 000 bird populations across the world. They compared waterbird populations before and after the establishment of protected areas and also compared trends of similar populations within and outside of protected areas.

“Our study shows that, while many protected areas are working well, many others are failing to have a positive effect, ” lead author Hannah Wauchope says in a statement. “In the majority of places we looked, bird populations were stable or were increasing, but some of them weren’t doing any better than in unprotected areas, “ she adds. “That’s disappointing, but not surprising. There seems to be the disconnection between people talking about how much land is protected and whether those areas are actually doing anything positive. ”

This study comes ahead of a United Nations meeting in China to discuss biodiversity goals for the next decade. Several countries have already committed to protecting 30 percent of the planet by 2030, yet the researchers say this alone does not necessarily guarantee positive out- comes for species.

“An obsession(迷恋)with reaching a certain area-based target-such as 30 percent by 2030-without focus on managing existing protected areas appropriately will achieve little, ” co-author Julia Jones says. “When world leaders gather in China later this year to set targets for the next decade, I really hope to see a change of their focus, rather than simply saying how much surface area they are going to protect. ”

According to Thomas Brooks, chief scientist at the International Union for Conservation of Nature, who was not involved in the study, waterbirds are a good example of a group facing the consequences of human behaviors that cause biodiversity loss. These animals respond quickly to changes in site quality and are broadly distributed, clearly reflecting the impact of protected areas.

1. What can be learned about protected areas from the study?

A．They have a negative effect on wildlife.

B．Their bird populations are increasing.

C．Their problems went unnoticed at all.

D．They don’t always help waterbirds.

2. What does the underlined word “this“ in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Expanding protected areas.

B．Organizing the meeting.

C．Talking about biodiversity.

D．Making a big promise.

3. What does Julia Jones call on world leaders to do?

A．Try to set targets for the next ten years.

B．Focus on the effectiveness of protected areas.

C．Face the consequences of human behaviors.

D．Have a deep understanding of biodiversity.

4. What might Thomas Brooks think of the study?

A．Pioneering.	B．Disappointing.
C．Convincing.	D．Unsatisfying.

5 . The human race shares this planet with millions of other species and forms of life. In recognizing that It is always important to remember that our rapid rise of the urban civilization has unavoidably impacted the planet and life on it.

In the long run, however, the civilization risks destroying well balanced ecosystems. which could potentially have serious results for humanity itself. As such we must eventually find a balance between development and nature which can maintain the ecology, beauty and harmony of the earth.

The word “harmony” is an important concept in China. Chinese society and culture are built on the idea that relationships between people should be harmonious, which means avoiding conflict, highlighting a common good and balancing uncontrollable desires with the needs of society as a whole. However, this idea does not just apply to people, it also applies to our relationships with the world and nature. Never has this been more meaningful than the view of how China handles its rapid development, which has lastingly changed the country's landscape and created new challenges regarding nature and the environment.

Actually, over the past few years China has been working hard to protect biodiversity and has drawn "red lines" for ecological protection. established a national par's system, and under taken major projects for biodiversity protection.

One example of China's success in this area is in its reversing of the decrease of its giant panda population to the point that it is no longer endangered. This effort included creating a giant panda national park in 2016 and doubling the number of births. Pandas have become “a global symbol of conservation success”—something in which China has played a key part.

Likewise, China is also taking its efforts overseas. It recently announced a $232 million fund to promote biodiversity protection in developing countries. The effort is a part of its “community of shared future for mankind”, meaning that we share one world, one planet and one future, and so we human beings must work together. Now it is the time to act.

1. Which potential risk along with the urban civilization is mentioned?

A．Loss of the natural scenery.	B．Ruining our human health.
C．The disappearance of all species.	D．Breaking the ecosystem balance.

2. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

A．The word "harmony" refers to good interpersonal relationship.

B． Keeping in harmony makes a difference to China’s development.

C．Human’s uncontrolled desires aren’t connected with harmony.

D．Balancing development and nature isn’t complicated as imagined.

3. What does the author want to tell us by the example of pandas?

A．China has completed the task of protecting biodiversity.

B．The population of grant panda is gradually decreasing recently.

C．China has made some achievements of protecting biodiversity.

D．Pandas have become the most successful representative of China.

4. Which of the following can best describe Chine's role in protecting biodiversity?

A．Fundamental.

B．Unique.

C．Indirect.

D．Mysterious.

6 . “How many of us as children have stared up at a church-like top of a giant tree and climbed it in wonder, which is a rally special part of our lives?” asks Bill Laurance, a tropical ecologist at James Cook University. “The leaves of big trees in forests are spreading out in all directions. We’re faced with organisms that have evolved for long periods of ecological stability.”

“There’s a lot to discuss on the issue,” says David Lindenmayer, a conservation ecologist at the Australian National University. “Climate change will mean that, in some forests, big trees won’t reach the same sizes they used to.” The effects of climate change, including long droughts, more invasive species and so on increase the simple physical challenges that big trees face in pulling water from their roots to their leaves and withstanding windstorms.

Lindenmayer and Laurance define “large, old trees” as the largest five percent mature trees within a species. The flexible definition means that in some forests, the large, old trees might be only 20 meters tall and 100 years old.

These large, old trees control the surrounding plant communities, affect water and nutrient distribution, and provide food and shelter for wildlife. “They’re really the breadbaskets of the forest,” says Laurance. “This is a very environmentally and ecologically important group of organisms, and they need special care and handling.” Determining the distribution and habitat requirements for large, old trees in the landscape is the first step towards ensuring their survival, “We have to ensure that what we’re thinking is long-term, to match the way these trees have existed for hundreds or even thousands of years,” says Laurance. “It’s going to be a real challenge to keep some places where there is still wildlife and the big church-like trees that we all really care about.”

1. How does the author lead in the topic of the text?

A．By definition.	B．By quoting someone's words.
C．By comparison.	D．By drawing some conclusions.

2. What can we learn about big trees from paragraph 2?

A．They have become shorter but thicker.	B．They easily pull water from their roots.
C．They are affected by various factors.	D．They grow taller because of climate change.

3. Which of the following does Laurance want to express in the last paragraph?

A．Planting big trees is the first step in forest protection.

B．The plants around control trees survival.

C．Big trees mainly depend on wildlife for survival.

D．It is necessary to take good care of big trees.

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A．Protect Forest Giants	B．Keep Ecological Stability
C．Deal with Forest: Organisms	D．Fight Against Climate Change

7 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

California burns every year, but 2020 is the worst year yet. In a study, more than 77,600 fires    1    (burn) over 2.5 million acres of land so far this year. Unfortunately, the season still has months to run. Over the past decade, the state has spent    2    average of $ 3.7 billion a year    3    (fight)fires. Although smaller than this year's, the 2018 fire season was    4    (particular) destructive, killing 100 people and burning tens of thousands of buildings.

The reason for the burs is a double hit of climate change and development. Pricy housing has pushed people onto    5    (cheap) land close to the wilderness. Meanwhile, climate change is extending the dry season, which stores up fuel for fires.

So    6    can be done to prevent the spread of burns? Clever designs can help make buildings fight against fires that spread 10 neighboring buildings.    7    (material) such as concrete, adobe or stucco are a better bet than walls in a flammable wood, some of    8    promise to hold back the flames for two hours or more. Besides, opening agricultural lands can be a useful measure, too. Australia, which also suffers    9    wildfires, has experimented with bunkers (掩体) specially    10    (design) to hold back fires for an hour or more.

8 . As heat waves continue to ravage the planet, air conditioners are becoming more and more common. However, these "active" cooling devices are posing problems because the electricity consumption which most people are concerned about and the release of ozone-damaging chemicals worsen the greenhouse gas effect, resulting in the creation of heat islands and further thermal pollution. Therefore, "passive" cooling, which doesn't have such effects, has attracted considerable attention from both scientists and ordinary people in recent years.

In a recent study, a team of researchers from China and US presented an eco-friendly, low-cost smart coating to keep buildings cooler while consuming zero electricity. Infrared radiation-based passive cooling has been investigated since 2014, but challenges, mainly the expensive and unsustainable design, have greatly limited their large-scale and widespread application. Besides, the imbalance in cooling ability of these coatings during the day and night tends to lead to great day-night temperature differences as more heat is lost than gained at night.

The solution therefore requires a "smart" mechanism that can both enhance daytime cooling and minimize nighttime heat loss. To do this, the researchers created a new smart coating comprised of conventional building materials, including titanium dioxide nanoparticles, fluorescent microparticles, and glass microspheres that were engineered to reflect most of the sunlight. Specifically, the titanium dioxide particles effectively reflect sunlight through light scattering（撒播）while the fluorescent particles increase the amount of reflection by changing the absorbed sunlight into fluorescence emissions, which drive more heat away from the building. Meanwhile, the glass microspheres re-send mid-infrared broadband radiation, allowing not only heat loss, but allowing heat exchange to take place between the building and the sky.

The coating was tested on a model concrete building. Through this efficient heat exchange with the sky, daytime cooling was strengthened while nighttime cooling was reduced. The building's inside temperature was always maintained at around 26℃, even when the out-side temperature varied from 24℃ to 37℃ during the day. We believe this new coating will make it to commercialization soon, enabling a sustainable, passive cooling technology that could help to fight climate change and the global energy crisis.

1. What is the virtue of passive cooling?

A．It is simple to design.	B．It uses no chemicals.
C．It is smart.	D．It uses no power.

2. Why couldn't the former coating be applied commercially?

A．It was hard to design.

B．Its material was hard to produce.

C．Its heat loss and cooling are imbalanced.

D．It wasn't tested on a model concrete building.

3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word "mechanism" in paragraph 3?

A．Metal.

B．System.

C．Platform.

D．Building.

4. What is the text mainly about?

A．The principle of air-conditioning.

B．The differences between active and passive cooling.

C．A new coating to keep buildings cool without electricity.

D．A new building to maintain its inside temperature without electricity.

9 . A new study shows that the increased heat from Arctic (北极的)rivers is making sea ice in the Arctic Ocean gradually disappear. The study published this week in Science Advance was led by the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, together with other scientists in the United States, United Arab Emi rates , Finland and Canada.

According to the research, the main Arctic rivers bring more heat to the Arctic Ocean than they did in 1980. River heat is one of the reasons that cause sea ice loss of the Arctic Ocean. That loss is equal to about 120,000 square miles of 1-mcter thick ice. "If Alaska were covered by 1-meter thick icc. 20% of Alaska would be gone," explained Igor Polyakov, a re- searcher at the University of Alaska Fairbanks' International Arctic Research Center.

Rivers have the greatest influence during spring. The wanning water pours into the ice covered Arctic Ocean and spreads below the ice， slowly destroying it. Once the sea ice melts(融化), the warm water makes the temperature go up. The research found that much more river heat energy entered the air. Since air is mobile, this means river heat can influence areas of the Arctic far from river deltas (三角洲).

The influence was the most prominent in the Siberian Arctic, where several large rivers go into the Arctic Ocean. Canada's Mackenzie River is the only river large enough to contribute to sea ice meh near Alaska, but the state's smaller rivers are also a source of heat.

Polyakov says that rising global air temperatures will continue to warm Arctic rivers in the future. As rivers heat up, more warm water will flow into the Arctic Ocean, melting more sea ice,

1. What does the increased heat from Arctic rivers cause?

A．Dry weather in the Arctic.

B．A strange disease in the Arctic.

C．The gradual loss of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean.

D．The death of fish in the Arctic Ocean.

2. What can we learn from paragraph 2?

A．Alaska will disappear.

B．There's more and more sea ice in the Arctic Ocean.

C．10% of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean melts each day.

D．Arctic rivers bring more heat to the Arctic Ocean.

3. What does the underlined word "prominent" in paragraph 4 mean?

A．Obvious.

B．Important.

C．Famous.

D．Generous.

4. What is the best title for the text?

A．Arctic Rivers Will Disappear

B．Arctic Rivers Are Melting Arctic Sea Ice

C．Arctic Rivers Will Create a New River Delta

D．Arctic Rivers Bring More Sea Animals to the Arctic Ocean

10 . 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。

It is the rainy season all over India. In the news we have seen heavy rain hit many parts of the country，which are already flooded(被淹没)．We have got used to floods.Children really enjoy the rain and the floods.They love playing with water.Sometimes they jump in the water and are always happy to do it.

However，this year it turned from bad to worse.All schools were closed，and it was announced a holiday by the government the previous day.We stayed indoors and watched life through our windows.Water entered the flats on the ground floor. All the neighbors helped people living there move their belongings and stayed with them.My friends were also staying with me.I was happy，because my parents usually don't allow me to stay in a friend's place.But our neighbors were really sad.They had to bear the loss(损失)that the rain brought.

The traffic was cut off by the terrible weather as well.In the morning，the railway system and bus services almost came to a stop.People had to wait for quite a long time at the railway stations and bus stops.My mother，who went by train，arrived three hours late.And finally when she reached her office，it was also announced a holiday.Later，to make the things worse，many trains were cancelled，because the railways were full of water.My mother had to wait in the station for about three hours.Afterwards she decided to go to a friend's house a block away from her office that day，as there was hardly any transportation available to our home.She called to tell us about it.She told me that she walked all the way to her friend's house because she could not get on a bus，and that she was wet thoroughly when she finally got there.On the phone she sounded very tired.

Paragraph 1：

That night was so different without my mother at home.

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Paragraph 2：

The next day the rain did not stop.

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