3 . 假定你是国际部环保社社长李华，近期，你打算在校内开展一次 “减塑” 社团活动，请给国际部负责人Mr. Smith写一封申请信。内容包括：
1. 活动时间，地点;
2. 活动内容；
3. 希望获准。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右； 2.请按如下格式作答。
参考词汇:   国际部环保社 the International Department's Environment Protection Club        减塑Less Plastics
Dear Mr. Smith，
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

4 . For most of human history, people raised crops and livestock to feed their households rather than to sell them for profit. This began to shift after the Industrial Revolution, which saw the rise of plantation farming.

Industrial farming not only increased the crop-growing areas, but changed the techniques used by farmers. Instead of switching the crops that were grown on a field each year, entire plantations would be devoted to a single crop. This approach and intensive modes of farming led to destruction of local biodiversity and land worsening — within years, fields would cease to produce crops.

Plantations of the 18^th and 19^th centuries were a “get rich quick plan” rather than a long-term investment. Once a field became unusable, plantation owners would simply move on to new land. Up to the end of the 19th century, wide areas of our planet were still not claimed by global modernity. But today, while we are quickly running out of vegetative (覆盖植被的) land, this mindset continues. “Farmers still hold the view that land is cheap and limitless,” said Crystal Davis from the World Resources Institute. “Most of them just cut down more trees, when new land is needed.”

“To meet our ecological goals, we need to stop turning natural ecosystems to farmland,” Davis said. “We can achieve this in part by bringing back the land’s ecological wholeness and productivity.”

Davis points to the 20×20 initiative (倡议), which has seen 18 South American and Caribbean countries commit to recovering 50m hectares of land by 2030. It includes a number of projects aimed at introducing agroforestry (混农林业) practices to cocoa and coffee farms in Colombia and Nicaragua. There farmers are encouraged to grow crops while introducing more trees to their land.

1. What can we learn about industrial farming?

A．It existed for most of human history.

B．It changed farming methods.

C．It increased crop production steadily.

D．It reduced crop-planting areas.

2. Which of the following do most farmers do at present?

A．Abuse the land for quick profit.

B．Desert wide areas of plantations.

C．Adopt modern technology to farm.

D．Plant more trees to satisfy global need.

3. What can be inferred about the 20×20 initiative?

A．It advocates eco-friendly farming.

B．It involves countries around the world.

C．It encourages farmers to develop more land.

D．It focuses on increasing cocoa and coffee output.

4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A．How Can We Take up Farming?	B．How Can We Feed the World?
C．Meeting Our Ecological Goals	D．Shifting to Regenerative Agriculture

5 . 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1. How many kinds of climate emergencies does the speaker mention?

A．Five.

B．Six.

C．Seven.

2. What will cause a flash flood according to the speaker?

A．Tidal waves.

B．Damaged dams.

C．The rising warm air.

3. What is the fourth crisis mainly about?

A．Drought.

B．Sea level.

C．Disappearing species.

4. Why is James Elsner mentioned in the end?

A．He does research on polar bears.

B．He proves hurricanes get stronger.

C．He aims to protect coral reefs.

9 . A new study shows that increases in extreme winter weather in parts of the US are linked to quickened warming of the Arctic (北极).

Over the past four decades, warming in the Arctic has been far more definite than that in the rest of the world and has caused a rapid decrease of summer sea ice. Heating in the Arctic has ultimately disturbed the circular pattern of winds known as the polar vortex (旋涡). As a result, it got stretched out of shape and slid southward off the pole. Scientists believe this vortex stretching process led to the deadly Texas cold wave in February this year.

“The polar vortex over the Arctic usually locks in cold air at the poles and does not easily move south. The stronger the winds, the more the air inside is kept, and the colder it gets,” explained lead researcher Dr. Judah Cohen, who’s a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). “Melting (融化) ice in the Arctic and rising temperatures can disturb the Arctic vortex, making cold air no longer locked in the Arctic? but move some farther south.”

The researchers say that their findings are based on both observations and modelling and they show a physical link between climate change in the Arctic, the stretching of the polar vortex and the impacts on ground.

The researchers believe their work could improve predictions about the beginning of extreme cold winter events. The research team also believes that their findings will help people understand that global warming is complex and perhaps let go of the idea that colder winters mean climate change isn’t happening. “In the past, these cold extremes over the US and Russia have been used to justify not reducing carbon, but there’s no longer any excuse to not start reducing emissions (排放) right away,’’ said Dr. Cohen.

1. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．The efforts made by scientists.	B．The definition of polar vortex.
C．The decrease of summer sea ice.	D．The formation of Texas cold wave.

2. What is the function of polar vortex?

A．Making the wind stronger.	B．Helping cold air move freely.
C．Speeding up the melting of ice.	D．Keeping cold air from escaping.

3. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．Global warming is just alarmist.

B．Weather-gone-wild pattern is a fantasy.

C．Reducing emissions is a pressing matter.

D．Weather forecast has never been a perfect science.

4. In which column of a website can the text probably be found?

A．Environment.

B．Travel.

C．Education.

D．Life.

10 . Scientists have found something strange has been happening among sensitive bird species in the Brazilian Amazon in recent years. Not only were the birds declining in number, but their bodies were also shrinking in size. “We found that size was not only shrinking for those sensitive species-it was declining for everyone, “said researcher Vitek Jirinec of Louisiana State University. Jirinec’s findingsare contained in a new study published in the journal Science Advances last Friday.

The study examined 77 species over a 40-year period, during which time the rainforest had become warmer. It found they were rapidly evolving perhaps because smaller birds remove heat more efficiently as they have more surface area in relation to volume. Brian Weeks of the University of Michigan explained it this way: “You could imagine lots of little ice cubes in a glass of water, as opposed to one big ice cube, and the little ice cubes melt faster because smaller things have larger surface area-to-volume ratios(比)，so they exchange heat more quickly. “Weeks didn’t work on this particular study, but he did research the size of more than50 species of migratory (迁徙的) birds in North America a few years back. He too found that nearly all of them were shrinking decade by decade.

The two studies strengthen the idea that birds all over the planet, migratory or not, may be changing shape due to a warming climate. Weeks said these sorts of changes should concern all of us. “All around the world, people depend on natural systems. Complete natural systems provide more economic benefits to humanity than the entirety of the world’s GDP, so they matter to you whether or not you know it, Weeks said. Jirinec thought the timing of his paper’s publication could not be more fitting. The study came out on the same day as the conclusion of the UN climate change conference in Glasgow. So those results really stressed the common consequences of the actions for the planet.

1. What was a cause of the birds becoming smaller in size?

A．The decrease of birds’ number.	B．The sensitiveness of birds.
C．A warming climate.	D．The development of birds.

2. How did Brian Weeks explain birds’ getting rid of heat?

A．By example and comparison.	B．By analyzing the data.
C．By giving enough evidence.	D．By observation and research.

3. Which of the following best describes the findings of the two studies?

A．Dangerous.	B．Concerning.
C．Demanding.	D．Fantastic.

4. What’s the purpose of the text?

A．To introduce two studies.	B．To explain a natural phenomenon.
C．To praise the conference in Glasgow.	D．To make people focus on climate change.