1 . With climate change continuing to worsen, our situation is beginning to feel increasingly serious.
Techno-optimism is one of the greatest misconceptions when it comes to solutions to ensure our future. It can be defined as a belief that future technologies will solve all of our current problems. This definition reinforces (强化) the idea that there’s no reason to panic or change our current energy-intensive lifestyle. All society needs to do is look to green technology to work its magic.
One of the best examples of this optimistic misconception is the electric car. Despite being highly regarded as an eco-friendly way to get around, electric cars are not the end for the future of transport. Batteries in electric cars use chemical elements which we could be seeing a shortage of by the midcentury.
Techno-optimism puts too much emphasis on technology and not enough on what we can do right this minute. Unfortunately, people seem to like the picture that techno-optimism paints.
A.So where should we look for answers instead? |
B.The modern world’s simple solution is technology. |
C.Moreover, they are more energy intensive to produce. |
D.Is it a trap that many people have fallen into in recent years? |
E.Unfortunately, this is an incredibly dangerous opinion to hold. |
F.Despite any technology, we as a whole are not living sustainably. |
G.Nevertheless, the truth is, we need a widespread change in our lifestyles. |
2 . Arguably, the biggest science development of the year to date has been the images of the very depths of the universe taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Those images beg a comparison between the external and internal universes that science is bent on observing and understanding.
Decades ago, astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said, “The universe is also within is. We’re made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself. ” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space.
There are many similarities between the progress we’ve made in understanding the universe and in piecing together life’s inner workings. Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST, life science tools have also improved rapidly. From early light microscopes to modern super-resolution ones, these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape. Learning that living things were composed of cells was, not a terribly long time ago, a revolutionary observation. Since then, scientists have been able to dive ever deeper into the components of life.
Going beyond merely observing the complicated makeup of organisms, life scientists can now discover the workings of molecules (分子). And that is where scanning the universe differs from peering into biology. Understanding the universe, especially from a functional standpoint, is not necessarily an immediate urgency. Understanding biology on that level is. Simply observing the amazing internal structure of cells is not enough. Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges. Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science. But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread, infect, and disable can literally save lives. Through time, biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge. Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components, even more importantly, they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors, of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者), and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging.
This is not to belittle the work of scientists researching into universe. They should rightly be praised for delivering views of impossibly distant, impossibly massive phenomena. My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science’s inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and, in my view, more urgent. The output of both the outward and inward explorations should stimulate wonder in everyone. After all, it’s all star-stuff.
1. Why does the author quote Carl Sagan’s comment in Paragraph 2?A.To introduce the background. | B.To prove an assumption. |
C.To make a comparison. | D.To present an idea. |
A.study approaches | B.system management |
C.research facilities | D.technology integration |
A.practical | B.risky | C.flexible | D.popular |
A.It has received universal recognition. | B.It should enjoy priority in development. |
C.It can be applied in the majority of areas. | D.It is more complicated than space science. |
3 . Is fashion important to you?
Arguably, one factor that influences what people wear is the need to impress others. People who dress well and keep up with the latest styles seem to be more noticed than those who are not concerned about their appearance.
At the same time, fashion is perceived by some as a tool for success and one that represents wealth or respectable social position. For instance, people intentionally try to raise their status by wearing famous brands or expensive clothes which are admired by others.
That being said, following fashion may not have anything to do with copying current trends but with using them as an inspiration to create outfits expressing individuality.
Having considered all this, to my way of thinking, fashion can be used as a means of communication and a way to communicate your self-image to people around you. As a famous designer once said, “Fashion is instant language.”
A.Is it a trend we must follow? |
B.But why are people following fashion? |
C.For most people it is, at least to some extent. |
D.For this reason, people wear fashionable clothing. |
E.These clothes are not actually giving a personal statement of the wearer. |
F.There are always fashion followers, even though fashion is constantly changing. |
G.An example of this is reforming fashionable pieces and making small personalized changes. |
4 . Some people prefer to have a bite to eat before hitting the gym, known as a fed workout. Others would like to wait until after exercising to refuel their bodies, called a fasted workout.
If you want energy and strength for an ideal workout, you need fuel. A fed workout will provide your body with power. Eating before exercise may help you sustain longer sessions and lift heavier weights.
Many fitness enthusiasts are not on board with this idea. They report feeling sick and inactive while trying to exercise after eating. With a fasted workout, you may not get the usual indigestion. Experts for fasted workouts further claim that eating afterwards makes your body use its fat reserves for energy, meaning you will burn more fat.
Deciding when to eat for an ideal workout is a personal choice. Both fasted workouts and fed activities have their benefits and shortcomings.
A.However, a fasted workout might not work for you. |
B.How your body will respond is based on your workout intensity. |
C.These benefits can result in burning more fat and shaping a slimmer body. |
D.To eat or not to eat, that is the question on many fitness enthusiasts’ minds. |
E.Think thoroughly and discuss with your fitness instructor before taking a choice. |
F.Knowing what to eat for an ideal workout is just as important as knowing when to eat. |
G.A person doing a 30-minute session a day may not have a problem with fasted workouts. |
5 . Hardly a day goes by without a company telling us in its beautifully crafted advertising how much it contributes to the environment on our behalf. Flowers grow out of power-station chimneys; SUVs are presented in natural habitats; oil companies use sunny, friendly logos and promise cleaner technologies- although, in fact, they fail to make enough investment in renewable or alternative energy sources. Statistics are made up, and the tiniest ecological improvements are overstated in multi-million-dollar advertising campaigns, while in the meantime the greedy side of the business continues.
This is known as greenwashing, which means “making things that are not green look green”. The phenomenon has long existed since the first Earth Day in 1970, when companies spent $300 million advertising themselves as green companies—many times more than the money they actually spent on research into pollution reduction itself. And the trend continued over the following decades when some of the planet’s worst polluters tried to pass themselves off as eco-friendly. As the public’s environmental awareness grew, so too did the experience of corporate public relations strategies, and advertisers found ever- more-creative ways to use a green curtain to hide dark motives.
Of course, some businesses are genuinely committed to making the world a better, greener place. But when a company spends more time and money claiming to be “green” than actually adopting business practices that minimize environmental impact, it is clear that, for them, environmentalism is little more than a convenient slogan(口号). Their message is “buy our products and you will end global warming, improve air quality and save the oceans”. At best, such greenwashing pushes the fact to its limits; at worst, it helps conceal deception.
And what about today s consumers? Few of them are truly well-equipped to make informed decisions about what is true. Greenwashing is only possible because consumers often believe what they are being told-why else would companies do it? More information and greater awareness are essential. Analysing the tricks used by advertisers should be part of every school curriculum. Non- governmental organisations can spread the word. Consumer groups can punish the greenwashing companies. But it is not enough. Legally enforceable systems must be put in place.
So what is already being done about planned attempts to pull the wool over consumers’ eyes? In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission is taking action against misleading advertising claims. France has published Green Claims Guidance, stressing that “an advertisement must avoid conveying a message contrary to the accepted principles of sustainable development”. All of these surely are the heart of the matter: the true impact of advertising is the promotion of unsustainable lifestyles. And therein lies the real danger to our planet, a danger which cannot be ignored any longer.
1. What can we learn about greenwashing?A.It is an ecological concept. |
B.It is a marketing technique. |
C.It is an awareness campaign. |
D.It is an advertising innovation. |
A.Hide the truth. | B.Raise the risk. |
C.Expose the weakness. | D.Break the limit. |
A.They are lacking in legal knowledge. |
B.They have encouraged greenwashing. |
C.They may question consumer groups. |
D.They tend to make sensible decisions. |
A.Actions to fight false advertising. |
B.Ways to protect customers’ interest. |
C.Attempts to solve environmental problems. |
D.Proposals to ensure sustainable development. |
6 . Do you feel like you can remember things better when you actively engage with the information and create your own version of it?
Tests on the generation effect show that when users encounter a list of words presented in the form of fragments (片段), they will engage several areas of the brain to create words to fill in the blanks.
Teachers and instructors need to be aware of the role the generation effect can play in the classroom. Students who just receive written material they can read may not understand it as fully as students who engage with it by taking notes, completing writing exercises, and so forth.
In a word, it all boils down to active learning versus passive learning. Spending a few minutes actively producing content may just be the thing you were missing in your learning routine.
A.That’s called the Generation Effect. |
B.For students, the generation effect can also be important. |
C.When they are asked to repeat the list later, their recall will be better. |
D.A common example of the generation effect can be seen in spelling lessons for young students. |
E.The simple act of writing can trigger(激发) the generation effect and help the students perform better on examinations. |
F.They will find that actively using new information may create relationships between tasks in examinations. |
G.The process of generating content may initiate some particular encoding (编码) processes that do not happen when simply reading. |
7 . Should schools report a student’s health to parents?
As if grades weren’t enough to worry about, some students now have weight on their minds too. The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled in the past 20 years, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
As a result, schools in several states, from California to Pennsylvania, have started sending home "BMI report cards". Those schools send home a report of a student’s body mass index (BMI). BMI is a calculation of weight and height that tells whether a person is overweight for his or her age.
Some lawmakers say BMI reports warn parents of their children s health problem help fight against obesity. In 2003, former Arkansas Governor. Mike Huckabee helped launch the first program to report students’ BMI.
A.Should schools send home BMI reports? |
B.Obesity rates in that state have since stopped increasing. |
C.Since then children with heart disease have received the reports. |
D.Not everyone thinks that reporting students’ BMI is a good idea. |
E.Schools agree that more activities are required for students to control weight. |
F.Being obese, or severely overweight, can lead to health problems later in life. |
G.Some people argue that schools that label students overweight are acting unfairly. |
8 . Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from abusive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst, I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.
Research by Karl Pillemer, a professor at Cornell University, indicates that 1 in 4 American adults have become estranged from their families. I believe that’s an undercount, because others have stopped short of completely cutting off contact but have effectively broken the ties.
“Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Certainly the family is one system in which power has never been balanced. In 1933, the psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi warned that even the simple indication that someone has more power than we do could potentially be damaging.
Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have-themselves-to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens.
Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend; situations with no winners, only isolated (孤独的) humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other.
The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try.
What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up. How else can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How else can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are the result not of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.
To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement—and it’s worth the work.
1. Why do young people cut ties with the family?A.To gain an independent life. |
B.To restore harmony in the family. |
C.To protect their psychological well-being. |
D.To follow a tendency towards social justice. |
A.Response. | B.Problem. | C.Operation. | D.Emphasis. |
A.break down boundaries | B.gain power within the family |
C.live up to their parents’ expectations | D.accept imperfection of family members |
A.To advocate a self-help trend. | B.To justify a common social value. |
C.To argue against a current practice. | D.To discuss a means of communication. |
The world will observe International Museum Dayon May 18th. Since 1977, this day
10 . People connect to their cultural or ethnic group through similar food patterns. People from different cultural backgrounds eat different foods.
Regional food habits do exist, but they also change over time.
In addition to impacting food choices, culture also plays a role in food-related etiquette (礼节). For example, the amount people eat and leave uneaten varies from culture to culture. Some people from Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian countries might leave a little bit of food on their plates in order to indicate that their hunger has been satisfied.
Even among people who share similar cultural backgrounds, eating patterns are not identical. Further, men eat differently from women.
A.People of different age groups eat differently. |
B.As people immigrate; food preferences are exported. |
C.Food items themselves have meaning attached to them. |
D.The areas in which families live influence food likes and dislikes. |
E.One of the reasons is that food itself is brought to other countries. |
F.Besides, the role of conversation during mealtime varies from place to place. |
G.However, cooks from other locations might be displeased if food is left on the plate. |