4 . Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old.
How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. (Details at www.gomuirwoods.com.)
Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails (路线) and program information, and to take in exhibits.
What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail (also called Main Trail). Choose short, medium, or long loops (环线). Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.(Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.)
Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at www.nps.gov/goga.
Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.
AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.
More InformationMuir Woods National Monument www.nps.gov/muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-2696
①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking lovers
| A．①② | B．③④ | C．①④ | D．②③ |
| A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches. |
| B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods. |
| C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations. |
| D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods. |
| A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridges |
| B．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir Beach |
| C．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3 |
| D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods |
5 . Imagine this. You need an image of a balloon for a work presentation and turn to an AI text-to- image generator, like Midjourney or DALL-E, to create a suitable image. You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator returns an image of an egg instead.
What’s going on? The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. What does this mean? Text-to-image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work.
This is also where the idea of “poison” comes in. Researchers who want to empower individual artists have recently created a tool named “Nightshade” to fight back against unauthorised image scraping. The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. As in our earlier example, a balloon might become an egg.
The higher the number of “poisoned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because of how generative AI works, the damage from “poisoned” images also affects related prompt keywords. For example, if a “poisoned” image of a Picasso work is used in training data, prompt results for masterpieces from other artists can also be affected.
Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. It does challenge a common belief among computer scientists that data found online can be used for any purpose they see fit.
Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. This concern is particularly serious concerning facial recognition. There is a clear connection between facial recognition cases and data poisoning, as both relate to larger questions around technological governance. It may be better to see data poisoning as an innovative solution to the denial of some fundamental human rights.
1. The underlined word “scraping” (para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____.| A．facilitating | B．collecting | C．damaging | D．polishing |
| A．increase the accuracy of returned information |
| B．cause users to forget the prompt key words |
| C．interfere with the training of generative AI |
| D．discriminate against great masterpieces |
| A．Data poisoning is somehow justified to direct attention to human rights. |
| B．Computer scientists has learned to respect the copyright of most artists. |
| C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists to recognize faces. |
| D．The issue of technological governance has aroused the lawyers’ interest. |
| A．Data Poisoning: Government Empowering Citizens to Protect Themselves |
| B．Data Poisoning: Addressing Facial Recognition Issues Among Artists |
| C．Data Poisoning: Risks and Rewards of Generative AI Data Training |
| D．Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists |
| A．The effects of the flood. | B．The fight against the flood. |
| C．The cause of the flood. | D．The ten floods of the year. |
