1 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, the attitudes to dirt are always changing.

In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, and washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. The king of England did something similar in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. France’s Henry IV was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief above was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbour ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家) , encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.

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2 . 究竟是什么原因促使他一毕业就投身太空探索? (强调句)(汉译英)

3 . When we visit museums, we see cultural artifacts—from everyday household items to precious carvings and statues, which give us glimpses into the diverse cultures and communities from around the world. _______ , controversy surrounds these artifacts and whether or not countries should return these pieces of culture if they were stolen or forcefully taken during colonization.

On Wednesday, October 7, 2020, the Dutch advisory committee officially released a national report _______ to the return of cultural artifacts that were stolen from its previous colonies such as Indonesia, Suriname, and islands on the Caribbean. Through these actions, the Dutch government acknowledges the unfair treatment the colonies had previously experienced and _______ respect for the culture of these countries.

Let’s look at the issue and the two sides of the _______ .

Stolen Artifacts

By the 18th and 19th centuries, European countries had colonized many African and Asian countries. During their _______ , they either seized artifacts or took them as spoils of wars, and brought them to their own countries where they are now displayed in museums.

In 2017, the Government of Benin in West Africa negotiated with the British Museum in London to return their renowned Benin Bronzes, a collection of thousands of metal sculptures and plaques, which were _______ hung in the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin.

The debate regarding this issue _______ in 2018 when under President Emmanuel Macron, a report was released that directed that all heritage objects brought to French museums (without the permission of their original countries) be restored. With the official release of this report, museums all across Europe began to _______ their previous policies on colonial treasures.

In France, twenty-seven artifacts had been identified for restoration, but only one—a traditional sword belonging to Senegal, has been _______ . Then, on Tuesday, October 6, 2020, France’s National Assembly officially passed a bill __________ the return of these heritage artifacts, twenty-six of which alone belonged to Benin, but didn’t arrange a certain date.

The Debate

Those who propose returning these objects to their original homes __________ that with technology enabling virtual museum tours, returning these artifacts to their homeland does not take away the opportunity to learn about them. __________ , the country of origin will receive a significant part of their heritage back, and these artifacts will be given a chance to be truly appreciated under proper historical context.

Those against the restoration claim that culture is a __________ treasure and the artifacts are in fact “cultural ambassadors” that promote tolerance and understanding. They believe that while stealing them was __________ , history is full of “good” and “bad” actors. Moreover, they feel that keeping the cultural objects in the current museums have kept millions of artifacts __________ disfiguration and damage.

1.

A．Therefore

B．Moreover

C．Otherwise

D．However

2.

A．contributing

B．agreeing

C．looking

D．objecting

3.

A．restricts

B．advocates

C．demonstrates

D．earns

4.

A．debate

B．conclusion

C．myth

D．assumption

5.

A．profile

B．rule

C．reform

D．closure

6.

A．cautiously

B．secretly

C．officially

D．previously

7.

A．took a turn

B．made a stir

C．had a trick

D．missed a point

8.

A．applaud

B．reconsider

C．submit

D．publicize

9.

A．spotted

B．damaged

C．sharpened

D．returned

10.

A．postponing

B．prohibiting

C． promising

D．demanding

11.

A．argue

B．object

C．doubt

D．challenges

12.

A．Furthermore

B．Contrarily

C．Indeed

D．Thus

13.

A．hidden

B．shared

C．lost

D．cherished

14.

A．justified

B．wrong

C．lawful

D．involuntary

15.

A．safe from

B．accessible to

C．absent from

D．subject to

5 . Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word: for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Morning or night? Which time of day do you enjoy the most and are more mentally alert?     1     one you prefer, there is a name for you.

Early birds or morning larks (云雀), as you can guess, are morning people. They have more energy in the morning and are happy to greet the day.     2     they rise early, they lose energy in the late afternoon. Therefore, morning larks tend to hit the hay early. As most of society runs on daylight hours, morning larks are seen as productive people. As the saying goes: “The early bird gets the worm.”

Night owls are the opposite of morning larks. These people have     3     (little) energy in the morning. They would rather get a few more hours of sleep than rise with the sun. But on the other side, night owls come alive in the late evening hours. They become energetic and find inspiration in the moonlight. It’s no surprise    4     they can they up well into the night.

While all birds     5     (create) equal, some night owls wish they could rise earlier. If you are one of them, here are some tips to help you catch that worm.

People    6     not adjust their bedtimes overnight (一夜之间). So far those night owls wishing to rise at dawn, start with a 15-minute change. Go to bed 15 minutes earlier than usual and wake up that much earlier as well. Keep the pattern going until you find yourself    7       (rise) with the sun.

Though it may be challenging. start your morning with as much light as possible. Open the curtains. Turn on the lights. See what     8     difference it makes in helping you start your day.

To make the change from owl to lark you need to be consistent and rise early every day. Don’t work hard to rise early during the week only     9       (sleep) in on weekends. Pick an hour to wake up, and do it every day.

For the night owls out there, hopefully these tips     10       (make) your mornings more bearable.