| A．academic | B．abstract | C．appropriate | D．absolute |
| A．accused | B．accustomed | C．adjusted | D．accompanied |
3 . An 89-year-old man, Manfred Steiner, has reached a goal he spent 20 years working toward and nearly a lifetime thinking about: earning his Ph. D. And now he is a physicist
Steiner values this degree because it is what he always wanted and because he overcame health problems that could have affected his studies. “But I made it, and this was the most satisfactory point in my life, to finish it,” he said.
When he was young, Steiner wanted to become a physicist after reading about Albert Einstein. But his mother and uncle persuaded him that studying medicine would be a better choice. He earned his medical degree in 1955 and moved to the US soon after.
Steiner studied hematology（血液学）at Tufts University and biochemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He became a full professor and led the hematology department at Browns’ medical school from 1985 to 1994. Steiner helped establish a research program in hematology at the University of North Carolina. He directed that program until he retired from medicine in 2000.
Steiner found medical research pleasing, but it was not quite the same as his interest in physics. “It was something like a wish that was never fulfilled, that always stuck in the back of my head,” he said. At age 70, he started taking undergraduate classes.
Physics professor Brad Marston was surprised when Steiner entered his quantum mechanics class. But he became Steiner’s adviser for his dissertation（学位论文）after realizing how serious Steiner was about the subject and how hard he worked. “He has written many papers in medical science, more papers than I’ve written in physics,” Marston said. “One thing that’s really true about Manfred is that he perseveres.”
After the university published a story about Steiner on its website, people across the US contacted him to ask for advice on how to go after their dreams later in life. His advice is: Do what you love to do.
1. Why did Steiner value his degree in physics?| A．Because it solved his health problems. | B．Because it was his long-pursued dream. |
| C．Because it met his mother’s expectation. | D．Because it was inspired by Albert Einstein. |
| A．Steiner’s contributions to teaching. | B．Steiner’s researches after retirement. |
| C．Steiner’s achievements in hematology. | D．Steiner’s performances at Tufts University. |
| A．His taking undergraduate classes at 70. | B．His writing more papers in physics. |
| C．His sticking to becoming a physicist. | D．His being a role model for Americans. |
| A．Active and open-minded. | B．Enthusiastic and easy-going. |
| C．Intelligent and warm-hearted. | D．Perseverant and hard-working. |
4 . Most of us may not have realized that mice can show an emotional expression at all. But a group of German neurobiologists have proven mice can, in fact, express emotions.
Nadine Gogolla, a neurobiologist, and her fellow researchers carried out an experiment with emotive mice and linked five emotional states -- pleasure, disgust, nausea, pain and fear -- to their facial expressions.
The team stimulated mice to react in certain ways to observe how their faces changed. They found that different stimuli(刺激物) would lead to different reactions. More interestingly, not every mouse reacted the same way T0 the same stimulus. They also showed slight changes in their facial expressions: When they experienced pain, their noses drooped and their ears flicked down. When they felt fearful, their ears stuck up and their eyes widened.
Observations alone couldn't determine the intensity of those emotions, though. So the neurobiologists next built descriptors for what each facial expression would look like and trained a computer to detect them within a second. This effectively “measured" the emotions.
But emotions don't arise just in response to stimuli, the researchers noted- they originate in the brain.
So the neurobiologists took a peek inside the mice's heads using light to activate neurons(神经元) that transmit information from the environment throughout the body to cause a mouse to react. The regions of the brain associated with emotions in humans lit up in mice, too, when a mouse's face showed pleasure.
In the mice brains, neurons reacted with the same strength at the same time the mice “made a face." This suggests that there are individual neurons that could be responsible for animals' Being, though this point requires more research.
Being able to measure the emotion state of an animal can hopefully help us to understand how we can interfere with the activity in particular brain regions to ease man's suffering." Gogolla said.
1. What is the purpose of the experiment?| A．To find out how many emotional states mice have. |
| B．To determine the intensity of mice's emotions. |
| C．To prove mice are able to express emotions. |
| D．To compare mice's facial expressions with man's. |
| A．Building descriptors to explore the mice's heads. |
| B．Observing the mice's reaction to different stimuli. |
| C．Training a computer to improve the intensity of the emotions. |
| D．Comparing the mice's reactions with the humans' to the same stimuli. |
| A．disgusted | B．pleased |
| C．scared | D．excited |
| A．Observing the changes of mice's facial expression. |
| B．Analyzing the frequency of mice making a face. |
| C．Activating neurons to study the mice's emotional states. |
| D．Studying individual neurons responsible for animals' emotion. |
5 . The moment he saw an organ, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart knew what to do with it, Aged six, already skilled at the clavier（键盘乐器）, he came across pedals （踏板） and stops for the first time in an Austrian church. Within moments he was playing an accompaniment and composing on the spot freely. In the following year, 1763, an official in Heidelberg was so astonished by his organ-playing that he had a plate carved for his church to mark the boy's visit. Mozart composed his first symphony at eight.
Youthful promise often declines. With Mozart the opposite was true. Through him classical music may have found its most ideal expression. As Jan Swafford writes in his outstanding biography, Mozart's compositions displayed “a kind of effortless perfection so easily worn that they seem almost to have written themselves”. He drafted quickly, often without needing to revise. He “could express delight by the yard”. A man of his time, Mozart was equally at home composing for the concert salon or the opera stage.
He is the subject of many biographies, but the leading one, by Hermann Aber, is 100 years old and 1, 600 pages long. Safford, himself a composer and a programme-writer, offers an updated and authoritative life, easy to understand, beautifully written, and full of critical judgments and sharp notes on the works.
Mozart' s way with melody （旋律） and keen view of human nature-his letters reveal an almost Dickensian ability to paint characters-combined to promote opera from desserts to a serious medium, the author argues. “His wisdom, his ability to observe people and their weaknesses, his fascination with the craze for love - al this made him the perfect composer" of the form, Mr Swafford thinks.
He was admired in his time. Most of his music stuck to conventional structures yet went over the heads of the average listener. Legend has it that his most important fan, Emperor Joseph II, reacted to one performance with an impressive comment: “Too beautiful for our ears, my dear Mozart!”
1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?| A．The true origin of the symphony. |
| B．Musical instruments in Mozart's time. |
| C．Mozart's remarkable talent for music. |
| D．A friendship between Mozart and an official. |
| A．They sounded perfect. | B．They expressed his criticism. |
| C．They were created hurriedly. | D．They should be performed outdoors. |
| A．By comparing contemporary musicians' works. |
| B．By giving professional and accessible comments. |
| C．By including the remarks of Emperor Joseph II. |
| D．By referring to other writers' constructive advice. |
| A．Creating music for folk stories. |
| B．Inspirations for Dickens' works. |
| C．Reforms of conventional structures. |
| D．Transforming opera to a serious art form. |
