1 . Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”, rather, they learn over time that such statements appease (安抚) parents and friends and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to correct errors and fix relationships.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can control their impulses.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, aged 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions (违背) . Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.
“That’s good news.” Malti says, “We can be pro-social because of the empathetic proclivity (倾向) , or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
| A．And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt. |
| B．The main reason why guilt works comes down to simple psychology and conditioning we receive as children. |
| C．For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how likely they were to feel guilty. |
| D．Guilt is an incredibly powerful emotion which has slip by unnoticed for long. |
| E．In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad reputation. |
| F．Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. |
2 . When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimise ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain’s software. Many ways of doing this have been suggested, but few have
There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other
Yet there’s still much to discover about the
The good news is that cognitive reserve isn’t
| A．traditional | B．scientific | C．cultural | D．decisive |
| A．magic | B．suggestions | C．assistance | D．confidence |
| A．physically | B．spiritually | C．intellectually | D．literally |
| A．physical | B．mental | C．mysterious | D．emotional |
| A．under-developed | B．back-up | C．all-round | D．large-scale |
| A．originate | B．separate | C．suffer | D．protect |
| A．In addition | B．By contrast | C．In other words | D．For example |
| A．higher | B．extra | C．lower | D．potential |
| A．damage | B．upset | C．frustration | D．progress |
| A．potential | B．love | C．ambition | D．need |
| A．regulations | B．interventions | C．products | D．theories |
| A．tough | B．expensive | C．exclusive | D．superior |
| A．coped with | B．taken in | C．carried out | D．built up |
| A．Furthermore | B．Therefore | C．However | D．Instead |
| A．learn | B．challenge | C．start | D．persist |
3 . Born in London on 28 November 1772, Luke Howard was interested in the weather from an early age
In 1802, Howard presented his research in a lecture to the Askesian Society, a club for people who were interested in science. At this point, meteorology hadn't progressed as much as other sciences, because it was difficult to take observations when the weather was always changing. To take his observations, Howard did sketches (草图) of the clouds as they moved and changed in the sky.
Howard suggested that although the shapes of clouds were changing, there were three basic types of clouds in the sky, to which he gave Latin names.
After the publication of Howard's research, the field of meteorology continued to develop. Scientists now have a much greater understanding of weather patterns (模式) all around the world.
| A．There are now 10 types of clouds. |
| B．But his true passion was meteorology. |
| C．But it was Howard's work that started it all. |
| D．He couldn't stay focused when he was at school. |
| E．This helped him to recognize the forms we know today. |
| F．Howard's findings also inspired the artist John Constable. |
| G．The first was called “cirrus”, which means tendril or hair in Latin. |
Mama’s Soup Pot
There are too many treasures in life we take for granted, the worth of which we don’t fully realize until they’re pointed out to us in some unexpected way. So it was with Mama’s soup pot.
Mama’s soup was special because there was no recipe for it. It had been so since her girlhood in Italy, where she learned its secret from her grandma, who had inherited (继承) it from generation to generation. Also, it was a symbol of security. For our large immigrant family, Mama’s soup guaranteed we would never go hungry. And we could judge our economic conditions by its contents.
At one time, however, Mama’s soup pot became a source of embarrassment to me, for I feared it would cost me a new friend I had made at school. Sol was an unusual pal for me because his father was a doctor and they lived in the best part of our town. Often Sol invited me to his home for dinner, where I found the food was good but tasteless, lacking the heartiness of the one served from my mom’s flame-blackened pots. Moreover, the atmosphere matched the food and everything was so formal. Sol’s mother and father were polite, but the conversation around the table was not natural, which made me a little depressed. And no one hugged!
In my family, warm hugs were a constant-men, women, boys and girls-and if you didn’t kiss your mother, she demanded: “What’s the matter? You sick?” But at that time in my life, all this was an embarrassment.
I had known Sol would like to eat dinner at my house, but that was the last thing I wanted. My family was so different. No other kids had such pots on their stoves, nor did they have a mama whose first action upon seeing you enter the house was to sit you down with a spoon and bowl.
One day, Sol pointedly asked if he could come to my house. I had to say yes.
注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
The day Sol came over I was nervous.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________But Sol quickly finished his bowl and asked for one more.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yingge Dance, a traditional folk art combining dancing, Chinese martial arts, and Chinese opera, is popular in the Chaoshan area of Guangdong province in South China. Yingge, written with the characters for “hero” and “song”,
However, as young people move out of the villages, so are local folk arts
6 . The Canadian town of Churchill is well-known for its arctic (北极的) wilderness. This town of extremes is home to about 900 year-round residents. However, 500, 000 tourists, more or less, flood here throughout the year.
In this setting, there’s a special find in a simple shipping container just outside the town. It’s a new project called Rocket Greens, led by the Churchill Northern Studies Centre(CNSC). Rocket Greens has successfully demonstrated the possibility of planting fresh, leafy produce regardless of seasons or weather conditions.
Erin Greene, a Churchill resident since 2015, became one of the first subscribers to Rocket Greens’s CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) program. “When I first moved here, it was very hard to get good-quality fruits and vegetables. We would never get fresh herbs and never see things like Swiss chard or kale,” recalls Greene, who says she now maintains a healthier diet and has become more self-sufficient as a result of the program.
In addition to Rocket Greens, CNSC has set up a seeding project for community garden support. This involves planting seedlings during the late fall and early spring that have been distributed to local community members free of charge in summer. Due to the short growing season and the challenging agricultural conditions, this seeding project offers a head start. “Community members can receive plants at no charge. It’s an educational tool to learn how to seed a field properly and how to grow your own food in your own home,” explains Dylan McCart, director of CNSC. This year’s seeding program will include a variety of crops such as peas, corn and peppers to make up for the traditional vegetables that are typically planted during Churchill summers.
“Considering the challenges of operating in a remote location like Churchill, we were one of the first ones to be able to do it, so it’s great that we were able to have that vision at that time. And it’s still successful today,” McCart says.
1. Why are so many people attracted to Churchill?| A．They want to live in the wilds. | B．They like to enjoy the unique scenery. |
| C．They can taste fresh produce from the locals. | D．They wish to become members of Rocket Greens. |
| A．To advertise the lifestyles of locals. | B．To show the diversity of local food. |
| C．To prove the difficulty of living there. | D．To illustrate the effects of the program. |
| A．It adds fuel to the fire. | B．It teaches a man to fish. |
| C．It pulls a rabbit out of the hat. | D．It kills the goose that lays the golden egg. |
| A．Curious. | B．Relieved. | C．Astonished. | D．Proud. |
7 . Reimagining the Outdoors: A Photography Workshop with Julia Reynolds
Discover the art of capturing the beauty of nature in this exclusive online workshop organized by Nature’s Lens Magazine.
Renowned photographer Julia Reynolds will guide participants through the essential techniques and creative processes involved in outdoor photography. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced photographer, Julia’s expert instruction will inspire you to explore the natural world with your camera lens.
Workshop Highlights:
◆ Exploring Outdoor Photography: Understand the unique challenges and opportunities of outdoor photography.
◆ Composition and Lighting: Learn how to compose stunning outdoor shots and make the most of natural lighting.
◆ Capturing the Moment: Master the art of timing and anticipation to capture the perfect outdoor photograph.
◆ Editing and Post-Processing: Discover essential editing techniques to enhance your outdoor photographs.
Who Should Attend:
▲ Photography enthusiasts eager to improve their outdoor photography skills.
▲ Nature lovers looking to capture the beauty of the great outdoors.
▲ Beginners interested in learning the basics of photography.
Workshop Details:
Date: Saturday, July 15, 2024
★ Time: 10am-1pm (GMT)
★ Participants will receive a recording of the workshop for future reference.
★ Upon registration, participants will receive an email with access details.
Please note: This workshop will be conducted via Zoom. Participants are advised to review Zoom’s privacy policy and terms and conditions prior to registration. Refunds will not be issued for non-attendance or cancellations.
1. What aspect of photography does the workshop focus on?| A．Editing techniques. | B．Composition and lighting. |
| C．Capturing the moment. | D．Exploring outdoor photography. |
| A．By email. | B．On the website. | C．Via Zoom. | D．By telephone. |
| A．Unlimited access to Zoom. |
| B．Free registration for future workshops. |
| C．A recording of the workshop. |
| D．24-hour live broadcasting of the workshop. |
（1）邀请他的原因以及访谈的时间和地点；
（2）该期访谈节目的介绍（访谈话题、访谈目的等）；
（3）希望他对同学们如何学好英语提出一些建议。
注意：（1）词数不少于100；
（2）可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯。
参考词汇：微信视频号：WeChat Video Channel
Dear Chris,
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Jin
More than 25 years ago, Saroo Brierley lived in rural India. One day, he played with his brother along the rail line and fell asleep. When he woke up and found himself alone, the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him — so he got on.
That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. He lived on the streets, and then in an orphanage (孤儿院). There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.
As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn’t help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program’s satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town’s central business district from a bird’s-eye view. He thought, “On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station” — and there it was.” And on the lef-hand side you should see a big fountain” — and there it was. Everything just started to match.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. “There’s something about me,” he thought-and it took him a few seconds but he finally reminisced about what she used to look like.
In an interview Brierley says, “My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion (核聚变). I just didn’t know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her.”
1. Why did Brierley get on the train in front of him?(No more than 10 words)2. What made Brierley move to Tasmania from India?(No more than 12 words)
3. How did Brierley manage to find his hometown in India?(No more than 10words)
4. What does the underlined part mean in Para.5?(No more than 2 words)
5. How are you inspired by Brierley’s words in an interview? Please explain in your own words.(No more than 20 words)
10 . Team-building exercises have become popular for managers trying to increase organizational and team harmony and productivity. Unfortunately, many employees are angry about compulsory bonding and often regard these exercises as a nuisance (烦事).
A paper published this week by University of Sydney researchers in Social Networks has reported participants' feelings about team-building intervention (干预), revealing ethical implications in forcing employees to take part.
“Many people see team building activities as a waste of time, so we decided to look in more depth at what's behind this,” said the paper's lead researcher, Dr Peter Matous.
“Teams are formed, combined and restructured. Staff are relocated and office spaces redesigned. All this is done with the aim of improving workplace efficiency, collaboration and cohesion. But does any of this work?” said Dr Matous.
The study found that team-building exercises which focused on the sharing of and intervening into personal attitudes and relationships between team members were considered too rude and nosy (爱打听), although the researchers say some degree of openness and vulnerability (脆弱) is often necessary to make deep, effective connections with colleagues.
"Some participants were against team-building exercises because they were indirectly compulsory. They didn't welcome management's interest in their lives beyond their direct work performance," said Matous. "Many people don't want to be forced into having fun or making friends, especially not on top of their busy jobs. They feel management is being too nosy or trying to control their lives too much."
In this study the researchers recommended a self-disclosure (表露) approach where participants were guided through a series of questions that allowed them to increasingly disclose personal information and values. The method is well-tested and has been shown to increase interpersonal closeness. However, to be successful it must be voluntary.
The researchers said there are numerous schools of thought that propose differing psychological methods for strengthening relationships. “With caution, many relational methods to improve teams and organizations can be borrowed from other fields. The question is how to apply them effectively to strengthen an entire collective, which is more than just the sum of individual relationships,” said Dr Matous.
1. Why are many employees opposed to team-building exercises?| A．They consider such exercises annoying. |
| B．They deem these exercises counter-productive. |
| C．They see such exercises as harmful to harmony. |
| D．They find these exercises too demanding. |
| A．They relocated team leaders and their offices. |
| B．They rearranged the staff and office spaces. |
| C．They redesigned the staffs work schedules. |
| D．They reintroduced some cohesive activities. |
| A．They were intended to share personal attitudes and relationships. |
| B．They indirectly added to the vulnerability of team members. |
| C．They always strengthened connections among colleagues. |
| D．They were regarded as a violation of employees' privacy. |
| A．By allowing participants freedom to express themselves. |
| B．By applying it to employees who volunteer to participate. |
| C．By arranging in proper order the questions participants face. |
| D．By guiding employees through a series of steps in team building. |
| A．They must be used in combination for an entire collective. |
| B．They prioritize some psychological aspects over others. |
| C．They place too much stress on individual relationships. |
| D．They have to be applied cautiously to be effective. |
