A.this | B.that | C.it | D.one |
3 . There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus (共识) effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and widespread our own behavior is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behavior is broadly OK.
This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviors. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted poaching (偷猎) thought it was much more widespread in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially tolerable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers took the opposite stand on this. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help solve it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash thrown around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people their difference in electricity use compared to their neighbors. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for social position has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly purchase eco-friendly products.
As the research evidence shows, social standards can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviors. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!
1. Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect?A.A student spends long hours surfing the Internet. |
B.A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts. |
C.A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking. |
D.A driver frequently parks illegally in public places. |
A.It is contradictory. | B.It is impractical. |
C.It is widespread. | D.It is unacceptable. |
A.Develop green habits for better health. |
B.Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores. |
C.Join green movements for personal fulfillment. |
D.Make green choices that others can perceive. |
A.Justify social standards. | B.Publicize sustainable practices. |
C.Encourage technological innovations. | D.Highlight personal responsibilities. |
4 . Here in eastern Spain, human towers are very popular. The tower sometimes falls because it’s so high. I used to
My friend Tomeu was also part of our team. Tomeu had been a casteller before. “What if I’m not
It was our turn. We first made the
Our base was solid, so my father
“Have
Far below, I could hear the crowd’s cheering.
1.A.promise | B.hesitate | C.intend | D.pretend |
A.climbing | B.jumping | C.running | D.rolling |
A.prepared | B.responsible | C.anxious | D.famous |
A.pull | B.call | C.lift | D.push |
A.rule | B.list | C.link | D.base |
A.screen | B.circle | C.queue | D.barrier |
A.head | B.hands | C.legs | D.chest |
A.original | B.local | C.general | D.typical |
A.relaxed | B.adjusted | C.signaled | D.appealed |
A.faith | B.pleasure | C.patience | D.purpose |
A.casually | B.firmly | C.wildly | D.smoothly |
A.grew | B.swung | C.changed | D.broke |
A.introduce | B.enjoy | C.calm | D.save |
A.balance | B.presence | C.connection | D.duty |
A.unique | B.large | C.round | D.complete |
5 . Back in 1958, I was crazy about the Norfolk and Western 746. The smooth bullet-nose engine with its orange and yellow lines and shiny streamline d black tender (车厢) seemed to have cast a spell on me.
Together the engine and tender measured a little shy of 2 feet — enormous by the toy train standards of the day. Even better, the 746 had a working headlight and smoker, and its tender sang high.
Unfortunately, the amazing 746 also had an amazing price — $50, equal to about $450 today. That was far more than my grandfather could afford. Instead, I had to be content with his little Lionel plastic, which was SIX INCHES shorter than the 746 and had no headlight, no smoker or no sound! But that was the best that my grandfather could give me at that time.
Years passed, and I was in my 30s. Superior sound systems and computer controls dominated toy trains. I never gave a look. My interest in toy trains, I firmly believed, had faded, so did my admiration for the 746, since my grandfather was not with me. The 746 was never called to mind. On an ordinary day, however, I happened to see the 746 outside the window of a train show. Just one-look, I could not look away. Childhood memories that I tried to hide in the depths of my heart raced through my mind, happy or sad.
That day I took the 746 home and placed it in the center of the room, and let my childhood dream sing its way around me. Smoke rose out from the engine and the soft song sounded from its tender. It seemed as if I could see the soft light in grandfather’s eyes and hear his cheerful laughter.
1. Which best describes the 746 in the author’s eyes?A.Its measurement was at a disadvantage. |
B.Its price rocketed from $50 to $450. |
C.Its beauty had a special appeal. |
D.It was the largest train in 1958. |
A.Visibly relieved. | B.Slightly discontented. |
C.Really delighted. | D.Terribly ashamed. |
A.He left his grandfather alone. |
B.He didn’t favor the 746 at all. |
C.He admired advanced toy trains. |
D.He attempted not to recall the past. |
A.The 746: A Perfect Gift from My Grandfather |
B.Toy Trains: Memories of A Generation |
C.The 746: Childhood Memories of Love |
D.Toy Trains: Childhood in History |
1.表示感谢;
2.外教的帮助;
3.活动的反响。
注意:1.写作词数应为80左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
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