2 . Throughout history, many lives have been lost at the hands of severe weather. Meteorologists (气象学家) and scientists al ike are always investigating new ways to increase the warning time for storms, with the hope of reducing the ______ of lives. In the past few decades, local weather radar advancements have been made, which allow for better accuracy in______the paths of storms.

Meteorologists and scientists have been able to successfully track severe thunderstorms and possible tornadoes by using an advanced tracking system called NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar). NEXRAD is a tracking network ______ 158 Doppler weather radars. And during a storm this high-resolution computerized______takes readings on the amount of precipitation (降水) in the air, the movements in the clouds, and the wind speeds.

These ______are bounced back to a local weather computer, and a colorful image appears on the screen,giving meteorologists a clear picture of what kind of weather is on the horizon. This final image is what you see when the meteorologist breaks in with severe weather reports and warnings. _______, on your television screen you will see a computer animated image of the approaching storm.

If the storm is severe enough, then the National Weather Service (NWS) will ______severe weather reports of severe thunderstorm warnings for your area. ______, the storm captured on the radar will have produced strong readable winds, detectable lightning, and some hail (冰雹). Paying attention to the weather map is ______when severe weather is around.

On the television screen you will see several colors on the precipitation map, ______from blue (the lightest) to black (the heaviest). If the colors for your ______ area are yellow, take caution. If the colors range between orange and red, take cover immediately, as damaging winds and dangerous lightning have been reported.

When local weather radar in Atlanta, Georgia reported high winds, circular wind patterns and large hail earlier this year, the National Weather Service issued a tornado______. Meteorologists in the area used the collected data to predict what path the storm would take, ______which areas needed to be warned.

Thanks to this technology, most residents received the severe weather reports early enough to seek______before the storm hit. Paying attention to your ______weather source during severe weather plays a vital role in your safety.

5 . In 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, _______ also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This _______ guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.

This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just published in the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more _______. Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual _______ may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.

In 1968 working out the _______ of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much _______. But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.

Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was _______. And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the _______, Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA. But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) _______ X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.

Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular ________ XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew ________ with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to ________ contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and ________ it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned bad indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.

While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a ________ burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that ________ in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter.

8 . Once upon a time there lived in Germany two brothers who loved a good story—one with magic and danger, royalty and villains (恶棍). At school they met a wise man who led them to a treasure—a library of old books with tales more appealing than any they had ever heard.________, the brothers began collecting their own stories, listening to the folktales people told them. Soon they ________ their own treasure--a book of fairy tales that would charm millions in faraway lands for generations to come.

The brother Grimm, Jacob and Wihelm, named their work Children’s and Household Tales and published it in Germany in 1812. The collection, which has been translated into more than 160 languages is a publishing ________. The stories and characters extended beyond the ________, making appearances in various forms of art and culture, from theater to fashion.

Such ________ would have shocked the humble Grimms. During their lifetimes, the book sold few copies in Germany. The early editions were not even ________ children. They had no illustrations, and scholarly footnotes took up almost as much space as the tales themselves. Jacob and Wihelm Grimm viewed themselves as ________ students of folklore. They began their work at a time when Germany had been occupied by the French under Napolean. As young scholars, the brothers Grimms began work on the fairy tale collection in order to save the endangered oral storytelling tradition of Germany.

Long before the Grimms’ time,________ developed in inns, barns, and peasant homes. During winter nights, as they sat spinning wool, women kept each other company and entertained each other with tales of adventure, romance, and magic.________, 40 such storytellers delivered tales to the Grimms, many of them coming to their house in Kassel. Although the brothers implied that they were just ________ the tales, Wilhelm polished and reshaped them up to the final edition of 1857. In an effort to make them more ________ to children and their parents, he stressed the moral of each tale, and emphasized gender roles. According to the Grimms, the collection served as “a manual of ________.” To this day, parents read them to their children because they approve of the lessons in the stories: keep your promises, don’t talk to strangers, work hard, obey your parents.

So what ________ their popularity? Some have suggested it is because the characters are always striving for happiness. But the truth probably lies in their ________. The Grimm’s tales were born out of a storytelling tradition without ________ of age or culture. The brother’s skill was to translate these into a universal style of writing that seems to mirror whatever moods or interests we bring to our reading of them. And so it was that the Grimm’s fairy tales lived happily ever after.

9 . UK safety advisers have dismissed concerns that highly processed food, also known as ultra-processed food(UPF), is automatically unhealthy because of the way it is made or its artificial ingredients.

The current way that the UK and most other countries _______ the nutritional value of foods—which is generally by how much fat, salt, sugar and calories they contain— remains the best approach to achieving a healthy diet, said a team of scientists. They also _______ that people who cut out all ultra-processed foods could make their diets more unhealthy, for instance, if they avoid foods such as yogurts, low-fat spreads, wholemeal bread and food made of grains.“We need to be driven by the _______ and not have this knee-jerk reaction that treats all UPF the same,”said Robin May, chief scientific adviser at the UK’s Food Standards Agency.

_______about processed foods have been growing, but it is unclear if there is something uniquely bad about them or if they just tend to be higher in things like fat and sugar. The issue has _______ this year since Chris vanTulleken, a doctor and TV presenter, published a book called Ultra-Processed People: Why do we all eat stuff that isn’t food... and why can’t we stop? Chris van Tulleken has called for more countries to adopt dietary guidelines pioneered in Brazil, where people are _______ to prioritise eating whole foods and homemade meals, and avoid eating factory-made foods.

On 27 September, researchers from nutrition organisations _______ the proposed system. “We_______need foods to be processed so that we can feed the world,”said May at the University of Leeds, UK, who is a member of the British Nutrition Foundation. May also said UPF_______ products that are both healthy and unhealthy. “It’s important we don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater here. There are many components that have a very important role to play in ________ and in safety,” he said.

Benefits of food processing include the use of preservatives that make food last longest and artificial sweeteners that help people________their sugar intake, said May. Other examples of processed foods that can be________ include baby food, infant formula milk and breads with added vitamins and minerals, said the panel.

But Van Tulleken says that the evidence ________UPF is strong. “There is an increasing amount of science describing the many ways in which UPF affects the human body,” he says. “The ________of the food structure by industrial processing means that UPF is, in general, soft. This means you eat it fast, which means you eat far more calories per minute and don’t feel________until long after you’ve finished.

10 . When I was three, I had a very good friend named Gemma. She was fearless where I was anxious, rebellious where I was conservative, and _________ where I was awkward. She was also entirely imaginary. With Gemma’s support, I almost made it to the top shelf of the bookcase before my parents found me — and “Gemma said it was fine!” did not _________ me from a telling-off (责骂).

I cannot remember when or how I “met” Gemma, and, perhaps sadder still, I do not remember the _________ time I “saw” her. _________ my brain created her, she inspired me to go on adventures I would not have had the confidence to embark upon without her. It _________ me, then, that 72 percent of nursery workers believe children have fewer imaginary friends than they did five years ago, as is shown by a recent survey. This is believed to be a result of _________ screen time.

It is thought that 40 percent of us at one time or another had imaginary friends during our _________. In an essay for Aeon, writer Sophie Elmhirst found that 81 percent of those surveyed had “lost” their imaginary friends after they turned ten, but most of these friendships ended _________. Perhaps imaginary friends simply stay with us for as long as we need them. They move on when our lives become too _________ for our brains to make space to generate their own entertainment.

If you have enjoyed an imaginary friendship, I would guess that you did not __________ sit down to create a perfect pal. They probably arrived as an indication of the thoughts and ideas you never knew you had. In order to be a good __________ to an imaginary friend, you need to be able to make “what if?” into an exciting proposition. When we grow up, we are too quick to finish the sentence with “what if it goes wrong?”

Having grown up, we might not need our imaginary friends anymore, but we could still use a reminder that a little bit of boredom is good for us, and that our brains can create the best ideas when they are left to their own devices. If there are fewer imaginary friends __________ the worlds where our children live, that might lead to a future with fewer artists, writers and problem-solvers. This is a real cause for __________.

As an adult, I think of my fearless, invisible friend Gemma whenever I have to do something that __________ me — usually public speaking, rather than scaling a bookcase. However, whenever I __________ my own expectations and meet myself in a place that I did not think I could quite reach, I can hear my subconscious whispering, “Gemma made me do it.”