2 . The Justice of the Court

The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone _________ a crime, he or she is considered _________ until the court proves that the person is guilty. _________, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the _________ of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.

In order to arrest a person, the police _________ be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to “book” him. “Booking” means that the name of the person and the charges against him are _________ listed at the police station.

The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or _________. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away — for example, because he owns a house and has a family — he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must _________ bail (保释金). At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court lawyer to defend the suspect if he can’t afford one.

The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district lawyer’s office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a(n) _________. The attorney (律师) may present __________ as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is __________ evidence to __________ a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally admit guilty or not guilty.

At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both lawyers and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. __________, if he is guilty, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for __________. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judge may send him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation (缓刑).

The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These __________ rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.

3 . The end of high school can be a stressful time. You’re finishing up high school while also _______ the next stage of your life. This often means applying to colleges and taking entrance exams, a process that _______ causes concerns. We are here to help walk you through the process.

The university admissions process looks _______ especially if you’re facing it alone. Fortunately, though, you don’t have to feel _______. You can talk to a teacher you trust for help with making _______ about which schools to apply to and preparing for tests. Good teachers care about their students and want them to succeed. If possible, talk through the admissions process with your family. Even if they have never been to a university, they’ll still care about you. Depend on them for emotional _______. It may also help to talk with friends and classmates about the process. _______ your emotions with others is a good way to _______ the burden of worry.

You may think you don’t have enough time to sleep, exercise or eat healthy food. But in fact, you’ll get more done in less time if you’re healthy enough to be _______. And ________, your physical health will affect your happiness more than academic achievements.

Apply to ________ schools so if you don’t get into your first choice, you have a backup plan. Also, understand that if you’re rejected (拒绝), it doesn’t mean you’re a bad student. At the best schools, qualified students sometimes don’t get in. Besides, ________ isn’t everything. Your future depends more on how hard you work than on the school name written on your diploma. And you can get just as good a(n) ________ at many less known schools as you can at the best-known ones. And above all, remember that your ________ doesn’t depend on the results of college admissions. You are valuable and deeply loved, and no rejection can ________ that.

4 . More people are travelling than ever before, and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for ________ periods.

The rise of “city breaks” 48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their ________ spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure (基础设施) as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,” says Font, an expert in tourism. “For ________, the city no longer belongs to them.”

In response to this situation, cities have come up with various solutions. For instance, Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek ________ outside of the city center on its official website. “That takes courage, really, to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they’re doing all they can to ________ congestion.”

But it also proposes a better way, which is called “de-tourism”: sustainable travel tips and ________ schedules for exploring a real Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

A greater variety of ________ for prospective visitors — ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city center — can have the effect of removing them from already crowded landmarks, or ________ short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays ________ the pressure, says Font. ‘If you go to Paris for two days, you’re going to the Eiffel Tower. If you go for two weeks, you’re not going to go to the Eiffel Tower 14 times.” Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the________, “We should be asking how we can get tourists to ________, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they’re coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behaviors with ours.”

Font says cities could stand to be more ________ about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they’ve come. “You’re thinking. ‘yeah but at what cost…’” He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourist for spending an average of 640 more per day than French tourists — a(n) ________ that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. ________ tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local products, and spread out to less crowded parts of the city — all productive steps towards more ________ tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

5 . When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimise ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain’s software. Many ways of doing this have been suggested, but few have _______ weight behind them. There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable _______ , “this will help”, is mental activity.

There is plenty of evidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other _______ challenging activities, preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered (缓冲) from the _______ effects of brain ageing and degenerative (退行性的) diseases. We call this buffer “cognitive reserve” — a(n) _______ reservoir of brain function that can _______ from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. _______, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a(n) _______ risk of developing dementia. This is despite the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age-and disease-related _______.   In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.

Yet there’s still much to discover about the _______ of cognitive reserve for optimising the brain’s resilience. The more we understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be in designing _______ to keep the human brain healthier for longer.

The good news is that cognitive reserve isn’t _______ to those who have the IQ of a genius or who’ve devoted their life to theoretical physics. We think it can be _______ throughout life for everyone. _______, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to “use it or lose it” probably apply no matter how old you are. Crucially, it’s never too late to _______.

8 . Once upon a time there lived in Germany two brothers who loved a good story—one with magic and danger, royalty and villains (恶棍). At school they met a wise man who led them to a treasure—a library of old books with tales more appealing than any they had ever heard.________, the brothers began collecting their own stories, listening to the folktales people told them. Soon they ________ their own treasure--a book of fairy tales that would charm millions in faraway lands for generations to come.

The brother Grimm, Jacob and Wihelm, named their work Children’s and Household Tales and published it in Germany in 1812. The collection, which has been translated into more than 160 languages is a publishing ________. The stories and characters extended beyond the ________, making appearances in various forms of art and culture, from theater to fashion.

Such ________ would have shocked the humble Grimms. During their lifetimes, the book sold few copies in Germany. The early editions were not even ________ children. They had no illustrations, and scholarly footnotes took up almost as much space as the tales themselves. Jacob and Wihelm Grimm viewed themselves as ________ students of folklore. They began their work at a time when Germany had been occupied by the French under Napolean. As young scholars, the brothers Grimms began work on the fairy tale collection in order to save the endangered oral storytelling tradition of Germany.

Long before the Grimms’ time,________ developed in inns, barns, and peasant homes. During winter nights, as they sat spinning wool, women kept each other company and entertained each other with tales of adventure, romance, and magic.________, 40 such storytellers delivered tales to the Grimms, many of them coming to their house in Kassel. Although the brothers implied that they were just ________ the tales, Wilhelm polished and reshaped them up to the final edition of 1857. In an effort to make them more ________ to children and their parents, he stressed the moral of each tale, and emphasized gender roles. According to the Grimms, the collection served as “a manual of ________.” To this day, parents read them to their children because they approve of the lessons in the stories: keep your promises, don’t talk to strangers, work hard, obey your parents.

So what ________ their popularity? Some have suggested it is because the characters are always striving for happiness. But the truth probably lies in their ________. The Grimm’s tales were born out of a storytelling tradition without ________ of age or culture. The brother’s skill was to translate these into a universal style of writing that seems to mirror whatever moods or interests we bring to our reading of them. And so it was that the Grimm’s fairy tales lived happily ever after.

9 . UK safety advisers have dismissed concerns that highly processed food, also known as ultra-processed food(UPF), is automatically unhealthy because of the way it is made or its artificial ingredients.

The current way that the UK and most other countries _______ the nutritional value of foods—which is generally by how much fat, salt, sugar and calories they contain— remains the best approach to achieving a healthy diet, said a team of scientists. They also _______ that people who cut out all ultra-processed foods could make their diets more unhealthy, for instance, if they avoid foods such as yogurts, low-fat spreads, wholemeal bread and food made of grains.“We need to be driven by the _______ and not have this knee-jerk reaction that treats all UPF the same,”said Robin May, chief scientific adviser at the UK’s Food Standards Agency.

_______about processed foods have been growing, but it is unclear if there is something uniquely bad about them or if they just tend to be higher in things like fat and sugar. The issue has _______ this year since Chris vanTulleken, a doctor and TV presenter, published a book called Ultra-Processed People: Why do we all eat stuff that isn’t food... and why can’t we stop? Chris van Tulleken has called for more countries to adopt dietary guidelines pioneered in Brazil, where people are _______ to prioritise eating whole foods and homemade meals, and avoid eating factory-made foods.

On 27 September, researchers from nutrition organisations _______ the proposed system. “We_______need foods to be processed so that we can feed the world,”said May at the University of Leeds, UK, who is a member of the British Nutrition Foundation. May also said UPF_______ products that are both healthy and unhealthy. “It’s important we don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater here. There are many components that have a very important role to play in ________ and in safety,” he said.

Benefits of food processing include the use of preservatives that make food last longest and artificial sweeteners that help people________their sugar intake, said May. Other examples of processed foods that can be________ include baby food, infant formula milk and breads with added vitamins and minerals, said the panel.

But Van Tulleken says that the evidence ________UPF is strong. “There is an increasing amount of science describing the many ways in which UPF affects the human body,” he says. “The ________of the food structure by industrial processing means that UPF is, in general, soft. This means you eat it fast, which means you eat far more calories per minute and don’t feel________until long after you’ve finished.

10 . When I was three, I had a very good friend named Gemma. She was fearless where I was anxious, rebellious where I was conservative, and _________ where I was awkward. She was also entirely imaginary. With Gemma’s support, I almost made it to the top shelf of the bookcase before my parents found me — and “Gemma said it was fine!” did not _________ me from a telling-off (责骂).

I cannot remember when or how I “met” Gemma, and, perhaps sadder still, I do not remember the _________ time I “saw” her. _________ my brain created her, she inspired me to go on adventures I would not have had the confidence to embark upon without her. It _________ me, then, that 72 percent of nursery workers believe children have fewer imaginary friends than they did five years ago, as is shown by a recent survey. This is believed to be a result of _________ screen time.

It is thought that 40 percent of us at one time or another had imaginary friends during our _________. In an essay for Aeon, writer Sophie Elmhirst found that 81 percent of those surveyed had “lost” their imaginary friends after they turned ten, but most of these friendships ended _________. Perhaps imaginary friends simply stay with us for as long as we need them. They move on when our lives become too _________ for our brains to make space to generate their own entertainment.

If you have enjoyed an imaginary friendship, I would guess that you did not __________ sit down to create a perfect pal. They probably arrived as an indication of the thoughts and ideas you never knew you had. In order to be a good __________ to an imaginary friend, you need to be able to make “what if?” into an exciting proposition. When we grow up, we are too quick to finish the sentence with “what if it goes wrong?”

Having grown up, we might not need our imaginary friends anymore, but we could still use a reminder that a little bit of boredom is good for us, and that our brains can create the best ideas when they are left to their own devices. If there are fewer imaginary friends __________ the worlds where our children live, that might lead to a future with fewer artists, writers and problem-solvers. This is a real cause for __________.

As an adult, I think of my fearless, invisible friend Gemma whenever I have to do something that __________ me — usually public speaking, rather than scaling a bookcase. However, whenever I __________ my own expectations and meet myself in a place that I did not think I could quite reach, I can hear my subconscious whispering, “Gemma made me do it.”