1 . Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”, rather, they learn over time that such statements appease (安抚) parents and friends and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to correct errors and fix relationships.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can control their impulses.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, aged 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions (违背) . Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.
“That’s good news.” Malti says, “We can be pro-social because of the empathetic proclivity (倾向) , or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”
| A．And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt. |
| B．The main reason why guilt works comes down to simple psychology and conditioning we receive as children. |
| C．For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how likely they were to feel guilty. |
| D．Guilt is an incredibly powerful emotion which has slip by unnoticed for long. |
| E．In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad reputation. |
| F．Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. |
2 . The worst time to look for a job is when you feel desperate and must have a new one immediately.
Identify at least two different roles. You do not have to be qualified for these positions today, nor do they have to exist in your company. However, these roles should be related to your current skill set. They are career options that look interesting.
Do exceptional work. In any role, there is a way to perform at your best. Look for ways to deliver a top performance. Show up early, be flexible to new assignments, have a positive attitude, cooperate with other departments, pay attention to the little details.
Be professionally curious. Talk to people about their careers. Learn more about how success measured in other roles, departments and companies, Ask people their thoughts on different industries.
As in all things in life, getting in front of a difficult task early is always less stressful than reacting to a career surprise. Changing jobs is to be expected. No matter how secure you feel today, the time will come when either you or your employer decide it is time to change.
| A．lf you associate with distinguished people, you are likely to find yourself with better opportunities. |
| B．Challenge yourself to expand your business knowledge through interactions with people at regular time. |
| C．In addition, the chances, if any, are low that you can find a satisfactory job in an economic situation like this. |
| D．Once you have a couple of targets, think about why and what interests you. |
| E．That is to say, the people you keep company with determine your character development. |
| F．Job searching under pressure often results in nervous interviewing and decision-making from relatively few options. |
3 . What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it—they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are structural, and will take many years to solve.
But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak (暗淡的) view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise, but it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursuing real solutions.
The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular?
Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.
I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is “unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.” A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a financial stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs — and suddenly industry was eager to employ those “unadaptable and untrained” workers.
But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling (损害) our economy and society.
So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse—a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed.
1. What does the author think of the experts’ claim concerning unemployment?| A．Self-evident. | B．Thought-provoking. | C．Groundless. | D．Objective. |
| A．The booming defense industry. | B．The wise heads’ benefit package. |
| C．Nationwide training of workers. | D．Thorough restructuring of industries. |
| A．Economists, failure to detect the problems in time. |
| B．Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy. |
| C．Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries. |
| D．Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts. |
| A．To confirm the experts’ analysis of America’s problems. |
| B．To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment |
| C．To show the urgent need for the government to take action. |
| D．To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation. |
4 . The train was at a standstill, some twenty minutes outside Kolkata, when an unexpected stroke of luck presented Piya with an opportunity to go for a seat beside a window for some fresh air. She had been sitting in the stuffiest part of the train compartment, on the edge of a bench: now, moving to the open window, she saw that the train had stopped at a station called Champahati.
Looking over her shoulder, Piya spotted a tea-seller on the platform. Reaching through the bars of the window, she called him with a wave. She had never cared for the kind of chai, Indian tea, sold in Seattle, her hometown in the USA, but somehow, in the ten days she had spent in India she had developed an unexpected taste for milky, overboiled tea served in earthenware cups. There were no spices in it for one thing, and this was more to her taste than the chai at home.
She paid for her tea and was trying to get in the cup through the bars when the man in the seat opposite her own suddenly turned over a page, jolting her hand. She turned her wrist quickly enough to make sure that most of the tea spilled out of the window, but she could not prevent some from spilling over his papers.
“Oh, I’m so sorry!” Piya was very embarrassed: of everyone in the compartment, this was the last person she would have chosen to injure with her tea. She had noticed him while waiting on the platform in Kolkata and she had been struck by the self-satisfied tilt of his head and the way in which he stared at everyone around him, taking them in, sizing them up, sorting them all into their places.
“Here,” said Piya, producing a handful of tissues. “Let me help you clean up.”
“There’s nothing to be done,” he said testily (暴躁地). “These pages are ruined anyway.”
For a moment she considered pointing out that it was he who had knocked her hand. But all she could bring herself to say was, “I’m very sorry. I hope you’ll excuse me.”
“Do I really have a choice?” he said. “Does anyone have a choice when they’re dealing with Americans these days?”
Piya had no wish to get into an argument so she let this pass. Instead, she opened her eyes wide and, in an attempt to restore peace, came out with, “But how did you guess?”
“About what?”
“About my being American? You’re very observant.”
This seemed to do the trick. His shoulders relaxed as he leaned back in his seat. “I didn’t guess,” he said. “I knew.”
1. In the first paragraph, Piya was relieved when she got a window seat because it meant that_________.| A．there was more room for her luggage |
| B．she no longer had to suffer from a lack of air |
| C．there was less chance that she would miss her stop |
| D．she didn’t have to stand for the rest of the train journey |
| A．was disappointingly weak in taste | B．reminded her of her home in Seattle |
| C．would have tasted better if served fresh | D．was preferable to the chai she had had before |
| A．he was someone who was observant of surroundings |
| B．he seemed to think he was better than other people |
| C．he had tried to keep his distance from his fellow passengers |
| D．he had been looking for someone he knew on the station platform |
| A．find out what the man really thought about Americans |
| B．try to calm the situation down by starting a conversation |
| C．ensure the man realized that she had apologized |
| D．make sure the man knew he was being rude |
5 . While some say school safety depends on guns, cameras or alarms in classrooms, Mark Gomer and Kristi Schiller think specially trained dogs should play an important role in preventing violence in schools.
Gomer’s for-profit company has sent a gun-and-drug detecting dog to patrol (巡查) the halls of an Ohio high school, while Schiller is launching a nonprofit program in Houston to give schools the trained dogs for free.
Gomer’s first full-time safety dog is a three-year-old Dutch shepherd named Atticus, who is reported to duty this school year at Oak Hills High School in Green Township in southwest Ohio. The dog was trained at the school before the summer break, said Gomer, co-owner of American Success Dog Training in Bridgetown, Ohio. Atticus has won over students, parents, teachers and district Superintendent Todd Yohey, who initially worried what people would think of him spending $10,000 on a dog. Gomer has talked to a lot of parents and faculty, and they are saying it was money well-spent, he said.
For her part Schiller is looking to provide safety dogs to schools free of charge. She hopes her new initiative, program “K9S4KIDS”, does for schools what her program “K9S4COPS” did for police departments. She has placed more than 60 dogs with agencies in three years. “These dogs are extremely social, yet highly qualified warriors that are accustomed to going straight to the source of a threat or shooter and disengaging the suspect armed with the weapon,” said Schiller.
As the programs get up and running, questions remain about possible health problems and distractions the dogs can cause.
A school safety expert said those are concerns parents and schools will have to work out. Ken Trump, president of the Cleveland-based National School Safety and Security Services consulting firm, discussed the issue in general because he was not familiar with either program.
He said the dogs would have to be extremely social to deal with students’ initial excitement “Kids are going to like those dogs,” Trump said, “There are concerns to work around, but with the right dogs and right handler and the right policies and procedures, they should be very beneficial. The dog might be a distraction in the beginning, but they will become part of what students expect to see when they go to school.” “There is so much these dogs can do,” said Ted Dahlin, a deputy who serves on the K9S4COPS board of directors. “If I were going to pick a school to make trouble, it would be one that I knew didn’t have a dog.”
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Gomer’s program?| A．Atticus is only welcomed by students. |
| B．Atticus is provided to the schools free of charge. |
| C．The main job of Atticus is to patrol a school in Houston. |
| D．Parents and faculty think the money spent on Atticus is worthwhile. |
| A．dogs have a sharp sense of threat and danger |
| B．she is confident that the dogs are helpful in schools |
| C．dogs are a kind of helpful, loyal and qualified animal |
| D．even suspects armed with weapons are afraid of dogs |
| A．believes that dogs can be part of students’ school life |
| B．is a school safety expert supporting one of the programs |
| C．doesn’t approve of students’ attitudes about dogs in schools |
| D．agrees that the concerns outweigh the benefits of the program |
| A．he is not going to make trouble in schools |
| B．having a dog strengthens a school’s safety |
| C．he likes dogs and really wants to have one |
| D．more should be considered for planning a crime |
6 . He’s considered the father of the technological innovation, and apart from that, he was also known as a design perfectionist. There is no single executive or creator in the technology industry who is more creative and inspirational than him, and with that being said he was a one-in-billion creator.
On February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California, United States, a baby named Steve Jobs entered the world. His parents’ inability to provide for him led to a difficult childhood, one in which he battled with his sense of self and felt constantly confused and unfulfilled. Nonetheless, who could have predicted that this person would cause such a dramatic shift in the information technology? The way Steve Jobs showed the world the new products and devices he was working on was truly out of this world, and that’s a big part of why he’s so beloved.
Steve Jobs was well-informed, but he was not a scholar. He possessed a high IQ but showed little enthusiasm for formal education. His main hobbies were playing tricks on people via phone and computer, goofing off with his best friends, and coming up with ground-breaking business concepts.
Steve Jobs’ philosophy on education is well-known at this point; he has stated publicly that he was only able to learn after leaving college. When Steve Jobs and his friend Wozniak were in their early 20s, they came up with the idea for the Apple Computer. Steve Jobs’ Volkswagen bus and Wozniak’s beloved scientific calculator were sold to finance the pair’s garage-based startup. Jobs and Wozniak have been given much of credit for democratizing the computer industry by making computers more user-friendly, portable, and affordable.
Wozniak envisioned a line of accessible and lightning-fast personal computers, and Jobs was put in charge of the company’s marketing and management. From the get-go, Apple sold the computers for up to $666. The unexpected greatness of their early success inspired them to develop more powerful machines. In the 70s, they accomplished what would become the company’s crowning achievement. Assembled by Apple, Inc. , the high-performance computer was an instant success in their home state of California, and its sales helped make Jobs a multimillionaire.
1. Which of the following is a big reason for Jobs being beloved?| A．Jobs revolutionized the technology industry. |
| B．Jobs realized his dream despite his painful childhood. |
| C．Jobs employed an extraordinary way to present the new devices. |
| D．Jobs is the most creative and motivational person in the technology industry. |
| A．quitting school | B．playing around |
| C．starting a business | D．learning knowledge |
| A．Jobs is keen on keeping in contact with friends via phone and computer. |
| B．Jobs and Wozniak advocated democracy for every staff in the computer industry. |
| C．Jobs showed less passion for education because of the influence of his difficult childhood. |
| D．The economic situation was a barrier to Jobs and Wozniak when they started their business. |
| A．All things come to those who always choose to wait. |
| B．The only thing that keeps you going is that you love what you do. |
| C．Knowledge makes you humble, while ignorance makes you proud. |
| D．If you look at what you have in your life, you will always have more. |
7 . Out of London Tours
Stratford, Oxford, Christ Church and the Cotswolds with Lunch
Length of time
About 10 hours
Days of operation
April 2009 to March 2010—Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday
This tour starts at 8:45 am and finishes at around 6:30 pm
Description
*Oxford
Enjoy the magnificence of Oxford! Well-known for over 900 years as a centre of academic excellence. Follow in the footsteps of its famous students, from Bill Clinton to Lewis Carroll. Uncover the university town of Oxford at a leisurely and relaxing pace.
*Chirlst Church
Lights, camera, action! A treat for all Harry Potter fans—- see where many scenes from the films have been shot! Wonder at the magnificence of Christ Church, including the Great Hall which Hogwarts Hall is based upon.
*Cotswolds
Discover the fascinating Cotswolds! Full of history and heritage（历史遗留物）, the Cotswolds is a charming combination of breathtaking natural beauty, busy market towns and sleepy villages.
Lunch in the Cotswolds
Treat yourself in a traditional English pub（酒吧） and admire the charrn of this old wool town. The lunch will bc taken in the Cotswolds village of Burford.
*Stratford
Shakespcare's birthplace
A market town with a difference! Visit Shakespeare's Birthplace, the half-wooded house, where the world's greatest writer was born, to gain a fascinating insight into his childhood.
Anne Hathaway's Cottage
Satisfy yourself with an eye-opening experience at the childhood home of William Shakespeare's wife! Wander around the half-wooded house and its eye-catching surroundings.
Price guide
Adult: £74.00
Child (3—18):£64.00
Senior citizen/ College student:£69.00
1. The Greens are planning to book the tour. They are Mr. and Mrs. Green, George Green, who is 15 years old, and Grandpa, who is 70 years of age. How much will they pay?| A．£ 296 | B．£ 286 | C．£ 281 | D．£ 276 |
| A．Cotswolds | B．Oxford | C．Stratford | D．Christ Church |
| A．You may eat in the Cotswolds village of Burford and then buy a woolen scarf. |
| B．You can book this tour as a Mother's Day gift for your mother in May 2010. |
| C．Shakespeare and his wife were born in the same town called Stratford. |
| D．Oxford University has a long history of more than 900 years. |
8 . Every Saturday morning, as the clock strikes 9 am, over 50,000 eager runners set off on a 5km journey around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon, which originally began as a small gathering among a group of friends, has now boosted 400 events across the UK and numerous others globally. These events, fueled by the dedication of thousands of volunteers, offer a free and inclusive opportunity for individuals of all ages and abilities to participate. Runners range from four-year-olds to grandparents whose finishing times vary greatly, spanning from Andrew Baddeley’s world record of 13 minutes and 48 seconds to leisurely strolls lasting over an hour.
Parkru n is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympics would be held in London. Planning documents promised that the lasting legacy of the Games would be to move a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. This obviously has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run-up to 2012, but the general population had already been growing faster than this number. Worse yet, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have been nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children alike. Official retrospections (回顾) continue to speculate as to why London 2012 failed to “inspire a generation”. The success of Parkrun can offer us some answers.
Parkrun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. Its concept welcomes everybody. There is as much joy for a puffed-out (上气不接下气) first-timer being clapped over the line as there is for the sport’s top talent. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was off-putting to newcomers.
Indeed, there is something a little weird in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally “grassroots” concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be in getting involved in providing common public goods — making sure that there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments are to blame for selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.
1. What does the first paragraph reveal about Parkrun?| A．It has created numerous employment opportunities. |
| B．It has gained increasing popularity worldwide. |
| C．It has promoted stronger community ties. |
| D．It has gained official recognition as an official festival. |
| A．stimulate population growth | B．promote engagement in sports |
| C．improve the city’s reputation | D．extend sport hours in schools |
| A．aims to discover new talent |
| B．prioritizes mass competition |
| C．doesn’t stress athletic excellence |
| D．isn’t intended for first-timers |
| A．organize “grassroots” sporting events |
| B．supervise local sports associations |
| C．increase the funding for sports clubs |
| D．invest in public sports facilities |
9 .
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| To: inquiry@businessaudiopro.com |
| From: j.annesly@anneslydata.com |
| Date: June 25 |
| Subject: Request |
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1. From what is mentioned above, we can learn that Business Audio Pro.
| A．is always ready to answer customers’ phone calls |
| B．has its professional services advertised in the newspaper |
| C．provides voice samples and estimated prices on its website |
| D．fills orders in three days’time to meet customers’ specific needs |
① Professional voice talent ② On-hold messages
③ Customized script writing ④ Multilingual Voice production
| A．①②③ | B．②③④ | C．①②④ | D．①③④ |
| A．A business owner. | B．A data collector. |
| C．A sales assistant. | D．A customer service specialist. |
10 .
Wonders of Australia 22 days from only £6.245 per person
Days 2-5: Singapore Enjoy a city tour including Merlion Park, Marina Bay, and fabulous gardens. As an alternative, you may choose to stop in Dubai at no extra cost. Days 6-11: Melbourne Visit Victoria Markets and Federation Square. Perhaps take an optional excursion to explore Fairy Penguin Parade. Day 12-14: The Ghan Experience one of the world’s most impressive rail journeys. Covering 1,555 kilometres, we see the everchanging landscape as we journey north. Enjoy all inclusive Gold Service with on board meals included as are a wide selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Day 15-17: Uluru (Ayers Rock) We enjoy a refreshing glass of sparkling wine and witness the changing colours as the sun sets. There is a chance to explore the rock in the morning, before visiting the impressive Olgas.
Day 22: Arrive UK We arrive at your chosen airport, bringing an end to our incredible adventure.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Book by 30th April 2024 and enjoy a twin room for a two-night stopover from only £29 per person (£48 for single occupancy). Stopover choices are Singapore, Bangkok, Dubai, or Bali and include return transfers and four-star accommodation with breakfast. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For more details and full booking conditions, please request a brochure or visit www.distantjourneys.co.uk. Call FREE for a brochure 0800 141 3719. |
| A．Cairns and the Ghan |
| B．Uluru and Melbourne |
| C．Melbourne and the Ghan |
| D．Cairns and the Great Barrier Reef |
| A．You may be charged an extra £349 in total for daily breakfasts. |
| B．You will enjoy a day trip to Daintree Rainforest, a world heritage. |
| C．You may choose to stop in both Singapore and Dubai at no extra cost. |
| D．You will be offered a meal with drinks when heading north by train in the Ghan. |
| A．£17,791 | B．£18,822 | C．£18,841 | D．£19,572 |
