1 . How to Make Friends

Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leave us without a friend.     1     But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.

1. Associate with others.

The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.

2. Start a conversation.

Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends.     2     You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.

3.     3    

Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together. Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.

4. Let it grow.

It is a good thing to stay in touch. However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend.     4     The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally.

5. Enjoy your friendship.

The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves.     5     Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.

A．Be cheerful.

B．Do things together.

C．Do not wait to be spoken to.

D．Try not to find fault with your friends.

E．Making new friends comes easy for some people.

F．For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

G．So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.

4 .     1    

Relationships are an important part of your life. Relationships help you meet your social and emotional needs. They help you feel accepted and liked by others. The feelings you have about yourself and others depend on how well these needs are met.

    2    

One of the most important things in life is to be loved and accepted by others. This gives you a feeling of security. You feel secure when you know you can count on family and friends to love and to accept you the way you are. You add to your feeling of security by making others feel loved. Helping people you care about makes you feel giving and unselfish.

    3    

Think about how good you feel when someone compliments or thanks you. “What a good job” or “I appreciate your help” are comments that you like to hear about yourself. Such comments make you feel worthwhile. Naturally you feel happy when you receive a compliment. Likewise, you can compliment your family members or friends on their accomplishments.

    4    

Learn to express your thoughts clearly and listen to what others say. Talk thins over with your family and friends. Share your hopes and dreams. .Express your joys and frustrations. When family members and friends are talking, take time to listen to what they are saying. Give them clues that show you are listening, such as a nod of approval or a smile.

    5    

Another relationship sill that helps people get along with one another is trust. To earn trust you need to show parents, adults, and friends that you can handle new experiences and responsibilities. Being honest and truthful with people can also help you.

A．Building Trust

B．Approval and encouragement

C．Communication

D．Belonging and Acceptance

E．The importance of relationship

F．Being responsible

5 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

    1    .They cry when something terrible happens, like a death in the family. They cry when they feel very sad or very angry. They cry when they know they cannot do anything about a problem, and they feel helpless.

People also cry when they feel very good. They cry when they have been worried about something but find out everything is all right.     2    .

In the United States until lately, men were not supposed to cry. Crying was weak and only for women. Men were supposed to be strong.    3    . Men are beginning to realize that it is all right to show their feelings. Women are learning that sometimes they can do something about a problem instead of just crying. They try not to cry in a public place or in front of a frightened child.

    4    . They say the body produces two kinds of tears. One kind cleans out the eye if it gets dirt in it. But when people cry because of their feelings, these tears have poisonous chemicals in them. The body is getting rid of chemicals produced by strong feelings.

    5    . Doctors say heart disease and some other diseases are related to the pressure of living and working in modern society. Perhaps men suffer more from these diseases because they do not cry enough. And it is possible that as more and more women work outside the home, they will also suffer from more pressure. Then everyone will need to cry more.

A．Chemists have been studying why people cry.

B．They cry when something wonderful happens.

C．People cry when they feel very sad.

D．But things are changing.

E．Crying is very common for mankind.

F．In the United Sates, men have heart diseases more often than women do.

G．The pressure of living and working many contribute to some diseases.

6 . (Read the following interview excerpt between a journalist (J) and a professor (P). Complete the interview except by using the questions in the box that best fits the professor’s answer. There are two extra questions that you may not need. )

Interview: is evolution predictable?

4th August 2017   
If we were to replay the tape of life here on Earth from scratch, would we as humans still evolve? That’s a key question new research in the area of experimental evolution is seeking to address. We speak to Jonathan Losos, professor in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and curator of herpetology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, ahead of publication of his first book Improbable Destinies: How Predictable is Evolution?
J:       1    
P:   In short, it’s new evidence. Stephen Jay Gould wrote in his seminal and highly influential book Wonderful Life that we were not fated to evolve the way we did; that if you could replay the tape of life and let evolution proceed from an early point, then the end result would not at all be the same. But Gould’s argument was based entirely on logic and thought experiments. Thirty years later, we have lots of data on how deterministic evolution is, how subject it is to the whims and flukes of history. We are finally in a position to re-assess whether Gould was right or not.
J:       2    
P:   The answer to that is somewhere in the middle, as with many debates. To some extent, if you put the same species in the same environment, experiencing the same selective pressures, they often do evolve in the same way. This is particularly common when you’re dealing with closely related species, and there’s a reason for that. Closely related species have the same genes and the same biology, so it’s very easy for them to evolve in the same way. Different species, however, have different ways of reacting to a given evolutionary pressure. So evolution is probably more deterministic than Gould was willing to recognize, but it’s not quite as pervasive as some others have argued. Where is the convergent duck-billed platypus, for example? If evolution is so convergent, why don’t we have this animal outside Australia? Evolution is often not predictable; it’s contingent on previous circumstances.
J:       3    
P:   I can’t really answer that question. What’s changed recently is our knowledge about how many Earth-like planets there may be, even within our own Milky Way galaxy. With the realization that these planets exist, many people think the likelihood that life has evolved on some of them is pretty high. We haven’t detected that yet, but it may be that we just haven’t figured out how to detect it yet.
J:       4    
P:   I have no evidence to argue that one way or the other. I do think, however, that if there are millions of moons and planets out there, the likelihood seems very high. If life has evolved, my expectation is that it would not look at all like life on Earth. Who knows what sort of chemical biology it might be based on, but the building blocks of life there would almost certainly be different to some extent from here on Earth. Even here on Earth, unrelated species react in different ways. My prediction would be that life evolved on other planets will not be at all recognisable with what we have here.
J:       5    
P:   Yes, I think we are. Our conception of life is biased by our own experience, but look at octopuses. We know they’re fairly intelligent, but their biology is completely different from ours. I’m not saying they have human-level intelligence, but they have a lot going on in their brains and they’re nothing like us.

A．Given the time evolution takes, is that why – so far as we know – Earth is the only planet on which evolution has made progress?

B．Does the evolutionary convergence of DNA make it vital for intelligent life?

C．What are the next steps in your research?

D．Why have you decided to revisit convergent evolution?

E．Could evolution be happening elsewhere in the Universe and can you tell from your research what it might look like?

F．Are we constrained in our concept of intelligent life by our own large-brained, humanoid existence?

G．Is evolution a fixed programme, steered only by environment and accidents?

7 . Few things feel as painful as rejection. Rejection means not being invited to a friend's party. Rejection means having your actions criticized. Rejection means failure when you're trying to sell your idea. Every "no" indicates a door closed to you.     1    

Developing your self-confidence is key. Rejection is simply the reaction or opinion of another person.     2    Never think you are worthless or unlovable. What you should do is make a list of things you have done well or contributions you have made. Review them every day. Fill your nighttime and early morning brain with confidence.

Rejection will enhance （增加）whatever negative things you say to yourself. Even the most successful and confident people feel downhearted when rejected, but most of them never tell themselves how terrible they are.     3    Make sure what you say to yourself builds yourself up instead of tearing yourself down.

    4     Instead, they view it as an opportunity to further understand human relationships and inner strength. They avoid the pain of rejection and put rejection into context （情境）.Using rejection to your advantage involves looking on every blow as a learning experience. It also involves learning and growing from negative voice.

    5     You can feel the pain as you like, crying or locking yourself in, but don't let it become a long-term visitor. It is wise for you to respond positively and effectively.

A．Rejection is a learning experience.

B．It's powerless without your cooperation.

C．So you should practice positive self-talk.

D．It's normal to feel upset about rejection.

E．Therefore, it is vital to develop effective responses.

F．Rejection is beneficial to those who make full use of it.

G．Those who transform rejection understand it is not about experiencing loss.

8 . Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of same coin.     1     Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.

    2     More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.

You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work.     3     So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity(清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.

Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible.     4     They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.

Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.     5    You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.

You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.

A．This can affect your work.

B．So how should you motivate yourself?

C．However, this should not discourage you.

D．So why should we try to set specific goals?

E．They can change according to circumstances.

F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

G．Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

9 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Meal kits(餐具)cut food waste but packaging is a problem

Home delivery meal kits can slash(大幅消减)food waste by more than two-thirds, but suppliers need to switch to reusable packaging to make them environmentally friendly.

    1     That means leftovers are minimized. But while the delivery services score well on reducing food waste, buying the same ingredients from the supermarket almost always saves energy overall simply because meal kits use so much single-use packaging. The good news is that if you have meals that are tailored for consumption, people won’t over-buy and you have less food waste. You fine-tune the portions to what people will actually eat.

Beyond the cost of the waste itself, thrown-away food generates methane(甲烷)that contributes to climate change.     2     A 2018 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that the waste was set to soar by a third by 2030 when global food waste was estimated to reach 2.1 bn tonnes.

Meal kits can reduce transport emissions if they mean people take fewer trips to the supermarket. If people only went to buy goods that are unlikely to decay such as soap and toilet paper, they might only have to visit the supermarket once every couple of months. That delivery truck can carry meals for you and dozens of neighbors.     3    

The study found that even if delivered meal kits reduced food waste to zero, they would still use up more energy overall than buying the same food from the supermarket unless the energy used for the meal kit packaging was cut by a fifth.     4     All the environmental benefits are lost. But if the packaging can be reused, you can get some benefits.

A．However, meal kits are likely heading for the mainstream.

B．If it’s single-use and thrown away, the packaging is a killer.

C．In that case, you might replace dozens of car trips with one truck trip.

D．Meal knits arrive on your doorstep by truck filled with every ingredient you need.

E．Tailor-made meal kits save waste by providing precise quantities of fresh ingredients.

F．If food waste was a country, it would rank third in emissions behind the US and China.

10 . Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Spacewalk!

Most people don’t know that the anniversary of an important event in space exploration occurred last month. On March 18, 1965, spaceman Aleksi Leonov became the first human to complete an Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) or spacewalk. It marked the first time that a human was able to leave a spacecraft and operate in the emptiness of space. It is a dangerous procedure, but one that is vital for the success of manned space missions.

    1     In space, a spacesuit must protect people from extreme cold and heat, provide air to breathe, and remove extra carbon dioxide.     2     Too much of it, and the spacesuit becomes firm and difficult to move in. Too little of it, and astronauts can become dangerously sick after returning to their spacecraft.

Astronauts now perform complex jobs in the emptiness of space in modern spacesuits. They have logged many hours repairing and upgrading equipment on satellites during EVAs.     3     On July 20^th, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time. There is no atmosphere on the moon, but there is gravity—about 17 percent of Earth’s, which means Neil needed a special suit for walking on the moon’s surface. Suits for the moon are equipped for exploration far from any vehicles, including tough boots that can resist cuts from the rough surface while walking. But sharp rocks weren’t the only danger to astronauts.

The moon surface is covered with a fine and flour-like dust which consists of small particles (颗粒) left over from the numerous meteorite (陨石) strikes on the moon.     4     When astronauts would leave the moon’s gravity, the dust on their suits began floating all over. It got into delicate equipment inside the spacecraft and the astronaut’s eyes and lungs. As different space agencies plan for returning people to the moon, new EVA suit designs will have to take something else into account. Keeping astronauts safe also means keeping their suits clean.

A．However, EVAs don’t just happen in empty space.

B．It sticks to everything, eventually causing joints and seals to fail.

C．Spacesuits also have to maintain ideal air pressure during a spacewalk.

D．Unfortunately, most people have no idea about space exploration or spacesuits.

E．Without the ability to work in space, we are unable to keep our space programs functional.

F．There are a few things that must be taken into account to make an EVA both safe and effective