1 . Many sugar—sweetened beverages(饮料)have little to offer—no nutritional value and lots of calories, and their harmful health effects have been well—documented. Now, a study links drinking too many sugary beverages—and even 100% natural fruit juices—to an increased risk of early death. Specifically, drinking too much fruit juice could lead to an increased risk of early death ranging from 9% to 42%, according to a study.
Overall, the sugars found in orange juice, although naturally occurring, are pretty similar to the sugars added to soda and other sweetened beverages, the study suggests. “Sugary beverages, whether soft drinks or fruit juices, should be limited,” Jean Welsh, a co—author of the study said.
Seven US cities, including New York and most recently Philadelphia, have levied(征收)taxes on sweetened drinks with added sugar in an effort to reduce consumption. The new study defined “sugary beverages” as both sugar—sweetened drinks, like soda and fruit—flavored drinks, and 100% natural fruit juices that have no added sugar. So how does fruit juice compare to soda? “Previous research has shown that high consumption of sugars like those in soft drinks and fruit juices is linked to several cardiovascular(心血管的)disease risk factors,” Welsh explained.
People who consumed 10% or more of their daily calories as sugary beverages had a 44% greater risk of dying due to a heart disease and a 14% greater risk of an early death from any cause compared with people who consumed less than 5% of their daily calories as sugary beverages, the study showed. Each additional 12—ounce(盎司)serving of fruit juice per day was associated with a 24% higher risk of death from any cause, and each additional 12—ounce serving of sugary beverages per day was associated with an 11% higher risk.
This is one of the first studies to examine the relationship between sugary drinks, including 100% fruit juices, and early death, wrote Marta Guasch—Fere and Dr. Frank B. Hu in an editorial published alongside the new study. “Although fruit juices may not be as harmful as sugar—sweetened beverages, their consumption should be moderated in children and adults, especially for individuals who wish to control their body weight,” Guasch—Fere and Hu wrote.
Welsh said we need to consider both fruit juices and sugar—sweetened beverages when we think about how much sugar we consume each day. Between the two, she was in favor of fruit juices: “Given its vitamin and mineral content, fruit juice in small amounts may have a beneficial effect that isn’t seen with sodas and other sugar—sweetened beverages.”
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?| A．Sugar—free drinks basically have no nutritional value. |
| B．Natural fruit juices are usually healthier than sugary beverages. |
| C．The negative effect of drinking too many beverages remains unknown. |
| D．Drinking too much fruit juice may not be a healthy option. |
| A．To increase the government’s income. |
| B．To let people buy less sweetened beverages. |
| C．To urge people to turn to sugar—free drinks. |
| D．To increase the consumption of natural juice. |
| A．By making comparisons. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By giving advice. | D．By stating the facts. |
| A．Avoided. | B．Increased. | C．Reduced | D．Encouraged |
| A．sugar is a major cause of cardiovascular disease |
| B．the sugar in juice is different from the sugar in sweetened beverages |
| C．fruit juices are only recommended when consumed in small amounts |
| D．the amount of sugar we consume mainly lies in drinks with added sugar |
69-year-old Xia Boyu recently became the oldest double amputee (双侧截肢者) to climb Mount Qomolangma. That is amazing, but even what is more impressive is the fact that he did it after he tried four times.
Xia Boyu’s first try to reach the top of Mount Qomolangma was in 1975, as part of an expedition (远征) by the Chinese Government. With only 250 meters to go from reaching the top, the team was stopped by bad weather. To make sure that everyone made it back alive, the team decided to turn back and finish their dream another time.
On the way, Xia Boyu gave his sleeping bag to one of his teammates who was in worse shape than him. Unluckily, this selfless act made him lose both his feet to frostbite (冻伤).
In 1996, Xia Boyu got cancer. But it also didn’t stop the mountain climber from realizing his dream of climbing the world’s highest peak. “Climbing Mount Qomolangma is my dream, ” Xia said. “I have to realize it. It also stands for a personal challenge, a challenge of fate. ”
Over twenty years after losing his feet, Xia Boyu trained to get his body ready for another try at climbing Mount Qomolangma. In 2014, he tried again, but finally had to turn back because of bad weather. The same thing happened the following year, as well as in 2016.
In 2018, Xia Boyu finally reached the top of Mount Qomolangma on his fifth try. He thus became only the second double amputee to climb the world’s highest mountain top, after Mark Inglis from New Zealand, who did it in 2006, and the first to do it from the Nepal (尼泊尔) side.
Answer the following questions with no more than 7 words.
1. How many times did Xia Boyu try to climb Mount Qomolangma?
2. Who is the first double amputee to climb the world’s highest mountain top?
3. When was Xia Boyu’s first try to reach the top of Mount Qomolangma?
4. Why did Xia Boyu give up trying while climbing Mount Qomolangma in 2014?
5. What happened to him after Xia Boyu gave his sleeping bag to his teammate?
3 . Astronauts drink their own pee (尿)—after it's been cleaned.
Chris Hadfield, who lived on the space station for five months, says, "Before you feel uncomfortable with the thought of drinking your leftover wash water and your leftover pee, keep in mind that the water that we end up with is purer than most of the water that you drink on a daily basis at home."
Astronauts, however, tend to be more adventurous than the average person. On Earth, cities in very dry parts of the world have attempted to introduce wastewater purification systems.
| A．And you wouldn't be alone. |
| B．And the disapproval remained strong. |
| C．what comes out is clean enough to drink. |
| D．On the International Space Station, water is a precious resource. |
| E．Lots of people feel sick at the thought of drinking recycled wastewater. |
| F．Though some of these programs have succeeded, others failed miserably. |
| G．Would you pick up a glass of water that's been through a wastewater cleaning system? |
4 . Pizza is almost everyone’s favorite food. Recently, it has even received recognition from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)!
Pizza has been a part of Italian culture for centuries. In the 1700s and the 1800s, the city of Naples in Italy was an independent kingdom, known for its large working class. Pizza began as a “poor man’s food”— as a way to feed poor people quickly and at a low cost.
In 1889, King Umberto Ⅰ and Queen Margherita visited Naples, which had by then come under a unified Italy.
When Italians from Naples moved to the United States, they brought more than just their desire for a better future.
The art of pizza spinning.
The skills for pizza making have been passed down in the city for generations, and those who know them are called “pizzaiuoli”.
According to UNESCO, about 3,000 pizzaiuoli work in Naples right now. In the city, there is also a pizza museum and an academy in which 120 students each year can train to become pizzaiuoli themselves.
| A．The history of pizza |
| B．The popular types of pizza |
| C．Pizzaiuoli are a select group of people |
| D．Pizza shops opened in New York and other cities |
| E．On their visit, the royal couple enjoyed pizza from a local eatery |
| F．Pizza fans and pizzaiuoli alike are excited about UNESCO’s decision |
| G．On the streets of Naples, Italy, tradition is found in the art of pizza spinning |
5 . Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr. Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria's Deakin University. "It's Australians' egalitarianism ,sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude. "
Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia's founding car in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class. who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish. was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants w ho were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be "rewarding criminality ". Because of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth. but they had a shared belief in equality.
The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that "no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life. " Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further - so " have a Captains Cook"（have a look）. became "ava captains". This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like "good day" became "g' day". and barbecue was "barbie".
The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians' dry self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的） sense of humor. While in many countries it's considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances. Australians lend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the stale line and entered Victoria. I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bush-fire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look as though the animal's tail was on fire. I couldn't help but laugh - it was a brilliant reminder of the country's "nothing upsets us" and anti-authoritarian attitude.
And one thing you can't help but notice when driving around Australia is the country's plentiful amounts of space. This. along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contributes to Australian's relaxed attitude.
1. The underlined word "egalitarianism" is closest to ______ in meaning.| A．criminality | B．cruelty | C．equality | D．governmentalism |
| A．They use more slangs than other people. |
| B．They give new meaning to existent words. |
| C．They favor shortened forms of expressions. |
| D．They coin terms in memory of criminal times. |
| A．Kangaroos' living conditions are getting tougher. |
| B．Forest fires threatened Australian's life to a great extent. |
| C．Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria. |
| D．Australians' jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface. |
| A．how the late 1700s impacted Australia |
| B．why Australians enjoy casual life so much |
| C．what contributes to Australians' relaxed lifestyle |
| D．how Australians present their attitude towards life |
6 . Do you feel nervous and stressed about living in the dormitory （宿舍）? Sharing a room with strangers may be challenging at the beginning, but it will turn out to be a precious experience in your life. Here are some tips on how to become best friends with your dormmates.
Agree on Some Basic Rules
Decide on the studying time, cleaning and visiting hours. Not only will it make your routine easier, but it can also help to avoid misunderstanding and quarrels.
Discuss the problems at once
You will escape many fights if you start talking about the problem once you feel it's necessary. When you accumulate the little things, they grow bigger and you may say some unpleasant things you don't really mean. Your dormmates simply cannot know or notice some things.
Respect Your Dormmates and Their Stuff
Using without asking is the cause of most conflicts and misunderstandings between dormmates.
Get to Know Each Other Better
You won't become best friends at once, but you can do a lot in order to develop a good relationship from the very start.
Your dormmates may be from other countries with different traditions, religion and views. Be careful with the stereotypes （刻板印象） and prejudgment, your ideas about the subject may be skindeep and incorrect. Most probably your overseas dormmates will need some help during the period of adaptation to the new surrounding and lifestyle. Sharing a room with an international student is a unique chance to learn another culture and language. Don't miss it!
| A．Learning from each other |
| B．Tolerance （宽容） Makes a Difference |
| C．Tell them your own interests and preferences |
| D．This is the essential rule of any good relationship |
| E．That's why communication is always the right thing to consider |
| F．Take an interest in their hobbies, family or academic preferences |
| G．Being dormmates doesn't mean sharing everything with each other |
