1 . It is quite apparent that competition surrounds every aspect of human life whether in the United States or the Amazon rainforest. Without it we would not have grown into primates (灵长类动物) . Or we would probably still be struggling to sharpen a bronze tool while crawling around on four legs in search of meat. Without competition, Columbus wouldn’t have discovered America and Edison would never have invented the light bulb.
Friendship, like all relationships between two people, involves competition. It isn’t competition in a traditional sense because there are no goals to be scored and no prize. Perhaps the ecological definition --- the simultaneous (同时) demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light --- better explains it.
As in nature, high school life is governed by a set of laws, similar to a shortened version of Darwin’s theory of evolution, overpopulation, and competition. There is an abundance of high school students and to distinguish them, ranking and categorizing (分类) take place. In high school, friendships learn to coexist with competition even though at times the relationship is rough. In fact, in some circumstance, competition is too much of a burden for a friendship to bear, causing it to fall apart. College admission is the final high school objective. Four years of hard work is to achieve good grades, and a student’s fate is determined not only by these achievements, but by the records of thousands of other seniors trying to achieve a similar recognition.
Nevertheless, by necessity, competition between students exists in all aspects of high school life. It sets and improves the standards in everything from sports to schoolwork. A healthy, friendly competition can have only benefits, but when it becomes too fierce, jealousy (妒忌) can tear friendships apart. Yet, despite all this, without competition, we would be lost.
1. What does the ecological definition mainly explain?| A．How to win the competition. | B．What competition exactly is. |
| C．What the result of competition is. | D．How friends compete with each other. |
| A．They know the laws of nature well. | B．Friendship is a burden for them. |
| C．The number of them is too large. | D．They are divided into different groups. |
| A．Friendship is always based on competition. |
| B．Competition is a result of lost friendship. |
| C．Competition is terribly harmful to friendships. |
| D．The degree of competition is vital to friendship. |
2 . Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in drivers on roads.
The study explains that smell is unique in its effects on the brain. According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the study, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with feelings. This is why the smell of baking bread can destroy the best intentions of a dieter.”
Smell, which determines the unbelievable complexity of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10,000 distinct smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1,000 genes (基因), which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome.
According to Conrad King’s study, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel impatient with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore desperate to satisfy their appetites. In contrast, the smells of peppermint （薄荷）and cinnamon（桂皮香料） were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience. Similarly, the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus.
However, the way genes control smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory(嗅觉) genes which are switched on in some people and not in others. They believe this may explain why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a different pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors.
1. What does the author think of human sense of smell?| A．It is complex. | B．It is uncontrollable. |
| C．It is changeable. | D．It is powerful. |
| A．To find out how smell influences people. |
| B．To teach people how to choose proper food. |
| C．To study why some food like pizza harm people. |
| D．To explain why different people love different foods. |
| A．Only a few genes decide our sense of smell. |
| B．Different genes have different effect on people. |
| C．Different people are sensitive to different smells. |
| D．Every person owns at least 50 different olfactory genes. |
| A．Logic and behavior. | B．Smell and its influence. |
| C．Sense ability and food tastes. | D．Olfactory genes and our olfactory system. |
●网络给学习带来的变化；
●网络给生活带来的改变：比如交流方式、购物方式、娱乐形式等。
注意：
1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
The Internet Has Changed My Life
The Internet is playing an important part in our lives.
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4 . There is a very long list of rules for the New York City subway. Don’t put your feet on a seat, don’t carry open cups of coffee or soda, don’t take more than one seat... Those are just a few of the rules. There are hundreds more.
With so many rules, why is it still unpleasant to ride the subway?
Some people think that the problem is that no one enforces the rules. Other passengers sometimes try to enforce rules. But you can’t rely on them because New Yorkers have unwritten rules against talking to strangers and making eye contact with strangers. How can you tell someone to take her shopping bags off the seat and throw away her Coke without talking to her or looking at her? It is difficult.
There are other New Yorkers who think that the subway is unpleasant because there are not enough rules. One rider wrote a letter to The New York Times a couple of weeks ago suggesting a few more subway rules. Here are some of the rules that she would like to see:
—Don’t lean on the poles. You prevent other people from holding on. They can fall down.
—Talk quietly. The trains are already too noisy.
—Give your seat to elderly passengers or to parents with small children.
If those unwritten rules of etiquette are written down, will the rude people be more likely to follow them? It doesn’t make sense to make more rules that no one will enforce.
The real problem is that we are forgetting how to be nice to each other. It is embarrassing that we need a rule to tell us to give our seat to elderly passengers. Nobody should need to be reminded to do that.
I say we stop talking about the rules and try to remember our manners. Let’s be nice to each other not because a police officer might tell us to get off the train, but because it is the right thing to do. Then New York City would be more civilized —both above ground and below.
1. Don’t make eye contact and don’t talk to strangers are examples of .| A．New York subway rules | B．personal preferences on the subway |
| C．behavioral habits in New York City | D．unpleasant experiences on the subway |
| A．manners | B．phenomena | C．festivals | D．moods |
| A．The authority should set stricter rules. |
| B．The government should employ more police. |
| C．The citizens should ride the subway less. |
| D．Everyone should take better care of their behavior. |
When spring came to the city of Cleveland, Ohio, it did not change Gates Avenue. The people who lived on the pretty streets near Gates Avenue were making gardens, painting their houses and getting their lawn mowers ready for the summer. But Gates Avenue continued to look dirty and ugly.
Gates Avenue was a short street. But it seemed long because it was so ugly. It had no pavement and no streetlight. The railway at one end of Gates Avenue added noise and dirt.
Most of the little girls in the school near Gates Avenue wore pretty new clothes that spring. But the little girl from Gates Avenue wore the same dirty dress that she had worn all winter.
Her teacher sighed. The little girl was so nice！She always worked hard in school；she was always polite and friendly. But her face was dirty and her hair was untidy.
One day the teacher said, “Will you wash your face before you come to school tomorrow morning? Please do that for me.” The teacher could see that girl was pretty under the dirt.
The next morning the child's pretty face had been washed. Her hair was clean and tidy, too. Before the little girl went home that afternoon, the teacher said，“Now, dear, please ask your mother to wash your dress.”
But the little girl continued to wear the dirty dress. “Her mother is probably not interested in her，”the teacher thought. So she bought a bright blue dress and gave it to the little girl. The child took the present and hurried home as fast as she could.
The next morning she came to school in the new blue dress, and she was clean and tidy. She told the teacher, “My mother was surprised when she saw me this morning in my new dress. My father wasn't at home；he had gone to work. But he will see me at supper this evening.”
Paragraph 1：
When her father saw her in the new blue dress, he was surprised to find that he had a pretty little girl.
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Paragraph 2：
After supper the mother started to clean the floors.
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1. What did Katie do with her first cabbage?
| A．She donated it to the hungry people. |
| B．She gave it to the school kitchen. |
| C．She ate it with her family. |
| A．From her school. | B．From her community. | C．From her parents. |
| A．To raise over $200,000. |
| B．To get 500 gardens. |
| C．To travel across 50 states. |
1. What is the relationship between the speakers?
| A．Colleagues. |
| B．Former schoolmates. |
| C．Teacher and student. |
| A．Landway High School. |
| B．Colin High School. |
| C．Aston High School. |
| A．Take a walk with her. |
| B．Teach her oral French. |
| C．Meet her foreign teacher. |
| A．A school. | B．A bookstore. | C．A park. |
1. What is the price of the shoes at Maxine’s?
| A．$160. | B．$200. | C．$245. |
| A．Cheap. | B．Special. | C．Expensive. |
| A．Around 10:15. | B．Around 10:30. | C．Around 10:40. |
| A．Go home. | B．Make a call. | C．Fetch the watch. |
