1 . 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

In my early years at school, I had trouble with some subjects. Sometimes I would get an “F” and that would make me     1    (real) scared. What I used to do was turn the “F” into a “B”     2    (please) my parents. However, it didn’t work out and finally I was caught doing that. Then I knew I had to accept that failure and learn from it, so I     3    (take) a positive approach. Naturally that “F” turned into a “B” and that “B” turned into an “A”.

2 . “When I stopped in at our local tourism office in Montreal to ask where they would recommend visitors to go to smell, taste, and listen to the city, I just received blank stares. They only know about things to see, not about the city’s other sensory attractions, its soundmarks and smellmarks,” says Howes, the director of Sensory Studies, a growing field often referred to as “sensory urbanism”.

Around the world, researchers like Howes are investigating how non-visual information defines the character of a city and affects its livability. Using methods ranging from low-tech sound walks to data collecting, wearables (clothing or glasses that contain computer technology), and virtual reality, they’re fighting what they see as a limiting visual preference in urban planning.

“Just being able to close your eyes for 10 minutes gives you a totally different feeling about a place,” says Oguz Öner, an academic and musician. He has spent years organizing sound walks in Istanbul where participants describe what they hear at different spots with their eyes covered. His research has identified locations where a wave organ could be constructed to strengthen the sounds of the sea, something he was surprised to realize people could hardly hear, even along the waterfront.

Although his findings have not been considered into local urban plans yet, this kind of individual feedback (反馈) about the sensory environment is already being put to use in Berlin, where quiet areas identified by citizens using a free mobile app have been included in the city’s latest noise action plan.

The best way to determine how people react to different sensory environments is a subject of some debate within the field. Howes and his colleagues are using observation and interviews to develop a set of best practices for good sensory design in public spaces. Other researchers are going more high-tech, using wearables to track biological data like heart-rate variability to reveal different sensory experiences.

As data collection about people’s sensory experiences becomes more widespread, many of these experts warn that concerns about privacy and surveillance (监视) need to be taken into account. Issues of fairness and inclusion also come into play when determining whose sensory experiences are factored into planning. “Sensory awareness is not independent or simply biological; whether we find something pleasant or not has been shaped culturally and socially,” says Monica Degen, an urban cultural sociologist at Brunel University London.

Degen cites the example of a London neighborhood where inexpensive restaurants for local youth were replaced by trendy cafes. “It used to smell like fried chicken,” she says, but newer residents found that smell annoying rather than welcoming. “Now it smells like the popular Italian coffee, cappuccinos.”

1. The underlined phrase “blank stares” in Paragraph 1 implies that______.

A．Montreal is lacking in visual appeal

B．Montreal’s non-visual information is ignored

C．the tourism officers object to sensory urbanism

D．there are too many tourist attractions to recommend

2. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Many methods are used to limit the visual preference.

B．Potential concerns about collecting data can be relieved.

C．People may fail to notice sound attractions even in better locations.

D．Individual feedback restricts the development of sensory environment.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．People’s perceptions of their sensory surroundings are subjective.

B．Sensory urbanism needs to focus on developing sensory facilities.

C．Sensory experience is dominant in shaping the character of a city.

D．Choices of sensory attractions in urban planning depend on tourists.

3 . 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。

The word “motivation” comes from the Latin term motivus, “a moving cause”. It is described as the force that drives us to pursue a goal, including the desire to continue pursuing meaning, purpose, and a life worth living. It fuels competition and boosts social connection. Its absence can lead to mental illnesses such as depression.

People often have multiple motives for engaging in any one behaviour. Motivation might be extrinsic. That means a person is inspired by outside forces—other people or rewards. Anything promised for completing the task or received as a result of completing the task are extrinsic motivators. Extrinsic motivation can increase motivation in the short term, but over time it may gradually decrease.

Motivation can also be intrinsic. Intrinsic motivation comes purely from within, with no expected reward, deadline, or outside pressure. For example, people who are intrinsically motivated to run do so because they love the feeling of running itself. Compared to extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation tends to push people more forcefully, and the achievements are more satisfying, since it is integrated into identity and serves as a continuous source of motivation.

To understand motivation, Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of hierarchy of needs (需求层次) in 1943. According to Maslow,   humans are intrinsically motivated to meet physical needs, the most fundamental ones such as needs for food. Then they gradually satisfy several levels of needs from safety, to higher-order needs for love, belonging, and self-respect, and finally move to ward expressing their full potential—self-actualization, the desire to become the most that one can be.

Although the generality of Maslow’s theory has been challenged, many believe it reveals fundamental truths about human motivation. No matter where motivation begins, there are always ways to increase it — whether that be your own motivation or someone else’s. Sometimes you might feel completely unmotivated — and that’s OK. In that situation, allow yourself to feel the discomfort, hear the negative self-talk, and then take action anyway.

1. What is motivation?
______________________________________________________________________
2. Why is intrinsic motivation more powerful?
______________________________________________________________________
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
▷According to Maslow, we are motivated by different levels of needs, starting at the lowest and the most basic level known as self-actualization needs.
______________________________________________________________________
4. In what way(s) do you think you can get motivated? (In about 40 words)
______________________________________________________________________

4 . Many of us set goals, but sometimes we fail to achieve them. There are many causes why we don’t manage to realize our goals.    1    There is a way, though, to help address this problem: set reminders. People employ a psychological strategy called cognitive (认知的) offloading, where we use a physical action to reduce demands on our brain. Specifically, we may outsource our intentions from being stored in our brains to reminders outside our head.    2    

Understanding the benefits of cognitive offloading can improve our ability to remember and follow through with our intentions. The biggest benefit is simply that it improves memory performance. It increases the probability that we will work towards the goals we need to reach.     3    “The more we offload unimportant information, such as items on a shopping list, the more we can use our brain for those more significant cognitive tasks, such as creativity,” said Sam Gilbert, professor at the University College London.

    4    Still, there are potential negative parts for it. We are more likely to forget what we offloaded if we no longer access our storage, such as when our smartphone dies. We also tend to offload the important things we most want to remember. In a surprise test where their reminders were wiped clean, the participants were more likely to forget the important items and recall the unimportant ones, that is, the more important the intention we want to remember, the more likely we are to offload it—and to forget it.

We’d better tend to create reminders when we think we need them, but not necessarily when we do need them.     5    “If our understanding of our memory ability is wrong, this suggests that we will either overuse or underuse reminders,” Gilbert said. “We can learn by noticing the times that we have forgotten to do something and could have used reminders to help.”

A．Cognitive offloading has noticeable benefits.

B．One common reason is that we simply forget them.

C．Besides, it can free up our limited cognitive resources.

D．A good example can be documents on our smartphone calendars.

E．The process of cognitive offloading helps us identify false information.

F．Our beliefs about how good our memory is directly influence whether we set them.

G．Other experts say it’s too soon to understand how cognitive offloading affects our brains.

5 . In the 1770s, an English doctor called Edward Jenner gave his gardener’s son cowpox (牛痘) and then deliberately infected him with smallpox (天花) to test his assumption that people who were frequently exposed to cowpox, a similar but less severe virus, would avoid catching smallpox. It worked and cowpox as the vaccine (疫苗) was highly effective. “Vaccination”, from the Latin word for cow, soon became commonplace.

Challenge trials are forms of research where, rather than relying on data from natural infections, we intentionally expose someone to a disease in order to test the effectiveness of a vaccine or treatment. Things have changed a lot since Jenner’s time, of course, when it was not uncommon for doctors to conduct this kind of research. Even so, there’s the continuous sense that there’s something immoral about making someone ill on purpose.

But this shouldn’t blind us to the extraordinary power of challenge trials. They could become increasingly important weapons in the medical research, in a situation where vaccine technology is advancing and the threat of diseases jumping from animals into human beings is increasing.

Much has been done to reduce the risks of challenge trials. Like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), researchers have involved adults who are at a low risk of severe illness. These acts have already cut down a massive range of vaccine candidates. With their help, the world will soon have the first vaccines against RSV, which kills tens of thousands of newborn babies each year. But not all diseases are like these ones. We don’t always know the dangers volunteers might face; we don’t always have treatments ready. What then?

We could, of course, just avoid these questions entirely, and rely on other types of research.But that doesn’t always work: sometimes, animal testing is tricky and uninformative, because the disease doesn‘t develop in the same way as it would in humans. In contrast, challenge trials can be deeply informative within weeks, with far fewer volunteers. And the benefits can be surprisingly high. Take the latest pandemic. At the end of last year, as the number of deaths is estimated to have reached about 17.8 million, it’s also estimated that 20 million had been saved by vaccines.In the years to come, they will hopefully save millions more.

In order to make sure we are as protected as possible from current and future threats, we should try to get rid of the misbelief in challenge trials, making them a more familiar part of our tool kits. Perhaps the greatest reward of all would be to make sure participants’ efforts are worthwhile: by designing trials to be fair and effective and applying them when and where they might make a real difference. In short, by helping them to save thousands, if not millions of lives.

1. The author tells the story of Edward Jenner mainly to______.

A．give a definition of challenge trials

B．introduce the topic of challenge trials

C．highlight the effectiveness of his vaccine

D．explain the origin of the word “vaccination”

2. What can we infer from the passage?

A．The issues behind challenge trials can be solved.

B．The dangers of challenge trials outweigh the benefits they bring.

C．Challenge trials can benefit numerous lives in spite of their risks.

D．Challenge trials can set back the development of vaccine technologies.

3. What does the author intend to tell us?

A．People should still be careful about challenge trials.

B．A more open attitude should be taken towards challenge trials.

C．Challenge trials guarantee participants protection against threats.

D．More volunteers involved can improve the accuracy of challenge trials.

4. Which would be the best title for the passage?

A．Should we use challenge trials to find cures?

B．Can challenge trials be a block to medical progress?

C．Can challenge trials be the end of infectious diseases?

D．Should we replace animal testing with challenge trials?

6 . A hearing aid is a small electronic device you wear in or behind your ear to make sounds louder. A hearing aid has three basic parts: a microphone, an amplifier and a speaker. The hearing aid receives sound through a microphone, which changes the sound waves to electrical signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and sends them to the ear through a speaker. There are three styles of hearing aids.

·Behind-the-ear (BTE) aids are used by people of all ages. “Mini” BTE is a new kind. These small and open-fit aids fit behind the ear completely, with a narrow tube into the ear canal, enabling the canal to remain open. Thus, some people prefer it because their own voice does not sound “plugged up”.

·In-the-ear (ITE) aids fit completely inside the outer ear. Some ITE aids may have added features, such as a telecoil that allows users to receive sound through the circuitry of the hearing aid, rather than through its microphone.

•Canal aids fit into the ear canal and are available in two styles. In-the-canal (ITC) aids are made to fit the size and shape of the ear canal. Completely-in-canal ( CIC) aids are hidden in the ear canal.

The hearing aid that will work best for you depends on your hearing needs and lifestyle. Price is also a key consideration. However, just because one hearing aid is more expensive than another does not necessarily mean that it will better suit your needs. Other features to consider include parts or services covered by the guarantee, estimated costs for repair, and the hearing aid company’s reputation for quality and service.

For more information, contact: nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov .

1. What helps strengthen the power of electrical signals in a hearing aid?

A．The microphone.	B．The amplifier.
C．The speaker.	D．The telecoil.

2. If preferring a hearing aid that keeps the ear canal open, you can choose______ .

A．“Mini” BTE	B．In-the-ear aids
C．In-the-canal aids	D．Completely-in-canal aids

3. To buy a suitable hearing aid, you should______ .

A．increase your estimated costs	B．find the one with more features
C．give in to the after-sale services	D．consider your needs and lifestyle

7 . 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

Technology is constantly advancing.     1     we imagined it years ago cannot keep up with its pace of development. In the past, autonomous vehicles were just a part of movies,     2     these technologies are now successfully coming into being. An autonomous car, also     3    (know) as a self-driving car, can perform all functions related to everyday driving and parking. It is a technology that senses the environment and, upon entering the destination,     4    (find) its way without human intervention.

8 . 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

Gather a couple of friends and take a leisurely walk through the streets—this is    1    many youngsters enjoy doing when they visit a new city. To them, citywalk means wandering around the city on foot. Participants can follow a distinctive urban route,    2     (explore) the city at their own pace. Compared with famous    3    (spot) and big crowds, they prefer to gain a more inclusive experience of the places they visit.

9 . 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。

“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” We all know that healthy habits can help us build a strong body, but how can we live a happy life? Over the past two decades, scientists have identified many techniques to raise our happiness, but these methods cannot work magic. “Things like poverty or injury are obviously going to affect your well-being,” says Laurie Santos, at Yale University. “But for many of us, our happiness is much more under our control than we think.” Her free course, The Science of Well-being, explores evidence-based ways to increase happiness.

For a taste of what the course involves, consider our tendency to compare ourselves negatively with the people around us. By recognizing when those thoughts have started to arise, you can consciously shift the reference point to something more neutral(中立的).With this kind of thinking, you may start to feel more content.

The use of gratitude journals, where you regularly count your blessing, work on a similar basis. We have a tendency for “hedonic adaptation”, essentially getting used to the good things in our life over time, and taking them for granted, so they no longer bring us the same interest—we should delay that process.

Other tips like small acts of kindness may surprise you with rewarding experience. However, those approaches to happier life should be used carefully. There is now some evidence that pursuit of happiness can have the opposite effect if it becomes time-consuming. Keeping a gratitude journal appears to be effective if it is used once a week. It seems that the technique may become a burden if it is practiced too regularly.

There seems little doubt that we can learn to be happier, but we should recognize that the path to a better life is with ups and downs. You cannot remove every negative feeling, but with some science-backed strategies, you can shift the balance so as to experience more positive feeling than negative ones.

1. How can we deal with the tendency to compare ourselves negatively with those around us?
________________________________________________________________________
2. What does “hedonic adaptation” mean?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
As approaches to happier life small acts of kindness can effectively improve our well-being, we should use them as much as possible.
________________________________________________________________________
4. In addition to the methods mentioned in the passage, what other method(s) can you take to increase happiness? (In about 40 words)
________________________________________________________________________

10 . Children love playing outdoors, They usually get muddy, with no regard for the colour of their clothing. “Don’t get dirty!” was once a constant family warning, as parents watched their children ruin their best clothes. They were happy running through farmer’s fields or climbing trees.     1    .

According to the experts, parents don’t have to concern too much about it. Recent research shows that the dirt outside can develop resistance to a range of illnesses. Certain natural materials, such as mud, contain surprisingly powerful microorganisms(微生物群) whose positive impact on children’s health we are only beginning to fully understand     2    .

Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are established as well. Our brains evolved in beautiful landscapes, and the way we perceive the world is particularly suited to wild outdoor spaces     3     It helps refresh the brain and even reduce depression and anxiety, One study found that children with ADHD(注意力缺陷多动症)were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park. Beijing close to grass and trees seemed to have a beneficial effect on their minds.

    4     It helps children develop the way their senses and movement interact, which helps them gradually understand the external environment and the internal connections of things in different ways. If children play with others, they can learn how to communicate with others and develop effective strategies to promote socialization.

Today, with the attraction of video games and social media, contact with nature is rarer than in the past. More and more parents begin to recognize the importance of outdoor play.     5     They believe that not only does it make children emotionally happy but it also has a powerful effect on their wellbeing.

A．For many, there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.

B．Outdoor play cab also offer valuable learning experiences.

C．This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation.

D．They may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt.

E．They recommend using nature as an accessible way of interacting with others.

F．It was obvious that children’s whites would turn brown before the day was over.

G．Outdoor play does better to children’s physical growth, compared with getting muddy.