1 . You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.The hidden danger of a busy street. |
B.The bystander effect in action. |
C.The dilution of responsibility. |
D.The presence of other people. |
A.there were more emotional problems |
B.the counter indicated the forum was quiet |
C.their presence was reminded on the screen |
D.more individuals were logged in the forum |
A.To encourage more replies. |
B.To reproduce the bystander effect. |
C.To further test participants’ mindset. |
D.To better record participants’ actions. |
A.Working together to attract more users. |
B.Combining designs to boost users’ memory. |
C.Building more platforms for public promotion. |
D.Exploring ways to change bystanders into upstanders. |
1. 描述调查结果;
2. 分析其原因并给出建议。
1. 写作词数应为80左右;
2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。
Students’ Time Spent on Physical Exercise Weekly
Nowadays, many students are aware of the significance of physical exercise, although the time they spend on it varies.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Saving the Daisies
Taylor aged 14 opened her sleepy eyes and looked out the window below. “NO!” she cried, now fully awake. Buttermilk the cow was in Mama’s daisy (雏菊) garden.
“I must have forgotten to close the gate last night,” Taylor thought as she pulled a sweatshirt over her head. Mama was planning to sell the daisies at the fair next week. But Buttermilk was eating the flowers. Taylor hurried outside and grabbed a rope.
“Why can’t you stay in the field?” she called to Buttermilk as she headed across the yard to the daisy garden. Buttermilk stood biting the tender flowers.
“When I grow up, I’ll be an artist and paint pictures all day,” Taylor thought. “I’ll not own a cow. Too much trouble.” Taylor was fond of painting since the day she had memory. She would like to help with family but she loved seeing birds and flowers alive under her brush more.
Just as Taylor was about to throw the rope onto Buttermilk’s collar, the family dog barked. Buttermilk couldn’t stand it and took off, tearing through the daisies. It finally ran through the open gate and into the field outside. “Thank goodness!” Taylor said as she closed the gate and secured the lock. But as she turned to look at the flower garden, most of the daisies were either eaten or left in pieces.
Mama and Dad came out of the house. “What’s going on?” Mama asked. She looked sadly at her garden. “I forgot to close the gate,” Taylor said. “I’m so sorry. ” “I know you are.” Mama sighed and gave Taylor a hug.
Taylor’s heart was heavy as she went back into the house. Mama had prepared much for the fair but now half of her efforts were in vain. Taylor decided to think of a way to make it up to her mother. The problem tasked Taylor’s mind. Could she plant other flowers in a week? Not enough time. Could she make use of the daisies in pieces? Not enough magic. Taylor found no way out.
注意:1. 续写词数应为150左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Suddenly, Taylor noticed a daisy painting in the house and an idea jumped in.
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A week later, when her parents were loading the car, Taylor brought her paintings downstairs.
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4 . When delivering medications to patients, one of the most effective methods is direct injection (注射) into the bloodstream using a needle. But this can be an uncomfortable experience, especially for kids or adults with a fear of needles. While patients do have the option to take oral pills instead, drugs containing large molecules (分子) are not absorbed effectively this way.
Now, inspired by octopus suckers (章鱼吸盘), researchers from China and Switzerland have designed a needle-free alternative: a tiny, drug-filled, cup-like patch (贴片) that sticks to the inside of the cheeks. The device is easily accessible, and it can be removed at any time and the drug gets absorbed through the lining of the inner cheek, the team reports in a paper in Science Translational Medicine.
To test the design, the team 3D printed the suckers. They loaded each with the drug and stuck them inside the cheeks of three beagles, a kind of dog which has a similar inner cheek lining to humans. For comparison, they also delivered the drug to beagles via a pill. After three hours, the team found that drug blood concentrations in dogs with the patch were more than 150 times higher than in the dogs that took a tablet. They also found patches worked effectively for drugs with large molecules.
40 healthy human volunteers self-applied water-filled patches to see how well they would stay on while talking and moving their mouths. After 30 minutes, only five of the 40 patches had fallen off, which was because of improper placement. Most volunteers said they would prefer a patch over injections for daily applications.
Still, the team only tested the patch for a short time so they would need to find out what would happen if it was used repeatedly. They’d also need to determine which drugs would work with the technology: the target is large molecules, such as those used to treat obesity or osteoporosis, but they can’t be too large to fit in the cup.
1. Why do the researchers develop the patch?A.To help patients overcome the fear of needles. |
B.To enable kids to swallow tablets smoothly. |
C.To offer a better way of drug delivery. |
D.To guarantee the efficiency of oral pills. |
A.It is technologically possible to 3D print the patches. |
B.The cheek lining of dogs is similar to that of humans. |
C.Patches fall easily with their mouth movement. |
D.Drugs are absorbed better through patches than pills. |
A.Innovative and profitable. |
B.Effective and user-friendly. |
C.Affordable and accessible. |
D.Flexible and long-lasting. |
A.The related issues to be solved. |
B.The risk of using patches repeatedly. |
C.The way to identity large molecules. |
D.The trouble of improving the technology. |
5 . For the past two months, Mandy Chen, a second-year student at Beijing University of Technology, has been posting photos of herself to Taobao, posing with a reusable cup, climbing stairs and switching off lights.
After seven days of posting her photos, Chen exchanged the points for a dozen of biodegradable rubbish bags from Taobao. Everyone can get an endless supply of free trash bags if they keep going, according to Chen.
Chen uses Carbon88, a platform launched last August by Alibaba Group Holding, to help the more than 800 million users on Taobao adopt a sustainable lifestyle. The platform rewards users for over 70 low-carbon behaviours.
A.It encourages them to reduce their carbon footprint. |
B.And her efforts to save electricity prevented 65.50 grams. |
C.It’s a valuable addition to current carbon-reduction policies. |
D.Carbon reduction has helped increase Chen’s environmental awareness. |
E.Within minutes, she receives a dozen points from the app as a reward. |
F.They range from taking public transport to shopping of second-hand items. |
G.She is now saving points for something better, like snacks and water bottles. |
6 . Harry Burleigh headed into the woods for a camping trip with his fishing equipment. A few days later, his wife Stacy grew
Stacy called the
On May 15, the rescuers finally caught a break when they
“This was the
A.excited | B.concerned | C.annoyed | D.puzzled |
A.authorities | B.hospital | C.agencies | D.family |
A.hesitantly | B.instantly | C.secretly | D.suddenly |
A.news | B.hope | C.sign | D.wonder |
A.spotted | B.offered | C.sought | D.constructed |
A.turned down | B.depended on | C.called in | D.cut off |
A.equipment | B.break | C.food | D.path |
A.bought | B.left | C.presented | D.fetched |
A.fire | B.bed | C.video | D.face |
A.river | B.chance | C.team | D.shelter |
A.hunting | B.exploring | C.walking | D.marching |
A.Amused | B.Awkward | C.Upset | D.Relieved |
A.cause | B.outcome | C.award | D.evaluation |
A.determined | B.tolerant | C.disciplined | D.flexible |
A.affect | B.instruct | C.encourage | D.reunite |
7 . 3M and Discovery Education announced Sean Jiang from Gilman School as one of the top ten finalists from across the nation for the 2023 3M Young Scientist Challenge. It’s a competition that encourages students to identify an everyday problem and submit a video showing the science behind the solution he or she came up with.
14-year-old Jiang decided to help those who can’t see. Blind people had a hard time navigating (导航) objects that are medium to far range. So Jiang wanted to design something to give them a heads-up on obstacles (障碍) that may be incoming.
Jiang’s inspiration came from the powers of the hearing system. “I learned in school that bats and whales are able to use echolocation (回声定位) to help them navigate and just use their sense of hearing and I also saw on YouTube some very skilled blind people that use echolocation to help them walk,” said Jiang.
Jiang started with a virtual reality setting and then made it a reality. His creation uses a depth camera that can detect how close objects are, thus giving enough time to dodge the obstacles. When a blind is walking with the device, the sensor of the depth camera gathers the information regarding the obstacles’ position and distance. Then the AI system in it will turn the distance data into musical sound guidance. This could significantly increase the walking speed of a blind person as well as decrease the number of obstacles they hit.
Some other similar programs were alright at finding objects that were in close range, but Jiang still wanted the blind to experience the world even fuller so they were able to see stuff that was much further away than their circle of reach.
In October, the top ten finalists will compete in person in Minneapolis for the title of “America’s Top Young Scientist” and a $25, 000 prize.
1. What can we learn about Jiang from the first two paragraphs?A.He was the champion of the 2023 3M event. |
B.He invented technology to remove road obstacles. |
C.He sought to assist the blind in walking smoothly. |
D.He developed a new navigation app for his school. |
A.To show the development of technology. |
B.To present the difficulties the blind face. |
C.To stress the significance of hearing. |
D.To explain the inspiration of his invention. |
A.Avoid. |
B.Encounter. |
C.Challenge. |
D.Remove. |
A.3M facilities intended for the blind. |
B.A teen using sound to help the blind. |
C.An invention to cure vision problems. |
D.A competition to improve the blind’s life. |
Xi’an, capital city of Shaanxi, served as the capital of 13 dynasties in Chinese history, which in total
People call Shaanxi History Museum “Bright Pearl in Ancient Capital and Precious Treasure of China”, for it is an art palace
The basic halls in the museum are divided into three exhibition halls
While
9 . Over the last century, engineers all over the world have made efforts to achieve great success in bridge design.
Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge
No bridge is as long as the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in the world. The 164.8-kilometre-longbridge built in 2011 in China operates as part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway. The trip from Ningbo to Jiaxing that previously took 4.5 hours has been reduced to two, thanks to this bridge.
Rio-Niteroi Bridge
Completed in 1974, the Rio-Niteroi Bridge in Brazil is the second-longest bridge in all of Latin America connecting the cities of Rio and Niteroi across the Guanabara Bay. The Rio-Niterói Bridge is technically known as a “box-girder (箱形梁)” bridge, made of special concrete. It receives an astonishing 140,000(or more) vehicles (车辆) per day, making it better known in the world.
Hartland Covered Bridge
The Harland Covered Bridge is the world’s longest covered bridge. The 1,282-foot-long bridge was opened in 1901 and has been on Canada’s list of National Historic Sites since 1980. Although it was at first built without a roof, the bridge was capped with wooden materials during the repairs in 1921.
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
The newly-built Jiaozhou Bay Bridgo in Chipa was named “world’s longest bridge over water” by Guinness Book of World Records in 2011, a title previously held by the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway. The dispute was settled when the title of “longest continuous bridge over water” was given to the causeway, with the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge receiving the title of “longest bridge over water”
1. Which bridge is famous as a busy one?A.Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge. | B.Rio-Niteroi Bridge. |
C.Hartland Covered Bridge | D.Jiaozhou Bay Bridge. |
A.It is the longest bridge worldwide. | B.It is over 160 kilometers. |
C.It has a roof. | D.It is a wooden bridge. |
A.In America. | B.In Brazil. | C.In Canada. | D.In China. |
10 . The village super league, or “Cun Chao” in Chinese, is a soccer game among different villages in Rongjiang county, Guizhou Province, and it is so down-to-earth but popular that it has attracted not only the attention of football legend Michael Owen but also millions of Chinese netizens (网民), who are paying attention to this non-professional football league.
The players come from a variety of backgrounds. They are vendors, drivers, students, carpenters, tilers, former butchers, and brick factory workers. Their ages range from 15 to over 40 years old. At the game site, representatives wearing various traditional national costumes play national musical instruments and enter the field with the players, and perform songs and dances.
“This kind of football game is natural and with ‘pureness’ and it is driven by the love of the ordinary people not the economic benefits. The game is providing not only values of sports, but also a way of socializing with low costs,” an expert noted. This kind of atmosphere is very rarely seen and is treasured, especially for people in urban areas who are getting increasingly busy and under great work pressure, and when they look at the fun, relaxing and down-to-earth way of life in the countryside, they will naturally be interested, experts said. There is at least one good effect brought by the “Cun Chao” to Chinese soccer—to make more people see the pureness of joy and encourage them to play soccer.
Today, more and more grassroots sports events are held in the mountains and are using sports as a medium to showcase the unique charm of the local area, reflecting an energetic lifestyle filled with agricultural activities and rural fun.
1. Why does the author mention Michael Owen in Paragraph 1?A.To show he is a household name in China. |
B.To voice his view on modern soccer game. |
C.To show the great popularity (流行) of “Cun Chao”. |
D.To stress the importance of “Cun Chao”. |
A.They are from all walks of life. |
B.Seniors are welcome to join the team. |
C.They are able to play national musical instruments. |
D.They wear traditional costumes on the soccer field. |
A.Slow-paced (慢节奏的). | B.Highly stressed. |
C.High-cost. | D.Nonprofitable. |
A.The village super league wins the hearts of Chinese. |
B.The village super league: From nobody to somebody. |
C.The village super league bridges the countryside and the city. |
D.The village super league promises the future of Chinese soccer. |