1 . How the economics profession should fix its gender problem
At the heart of economics is a belief in the virtues (好处) of open competition as a way of using the resources you have in the most efficient way you can. Thanks to the power of that insight, economists routinely tell politicians how to run public policy and business people how to run their firms. Yet when it comes to its own house, academic economics could have done more to observe the standards it applies to the rest of the world.
In particular, it recruits (招聘) too few women. Also, many of those who do work in the profession say they are treated unfairly and that their talents are not fully realised. As a result, economics has fewer good ideas than it should and suffers from a skewed (歪曲的) viewpoint. It is time for the dismal science to improve its dismal record on gender.
For decades relatively few women have participated in STEM subjects: science, technology, engineering and maths. Economics belongs in this list. And a survey by the American Economics Association (AEA) this week shows that many women who do become academic economists are treated badly.
To deal with its gender shortfall (缺口), economics needs two tools that it often uses to analyse and solve problems elsewhere: its ability to crunch data and its capacity to experiment. Take data first. The AEA study is commendable, but only a fifth of its 45,000 present and past members replied to its poll. Better data are needed to capture how work by female economists is discriminated against. The more comprehensive (全面的) the picture that emerges, the sooner and more easily action can be taken to change recruitment and to reform professional life.
The other priority is for economists to experiment with new ideas, as the AEA is recommending. For a discipline that values dynamism, academic economics is often conservative, sticking with teaching methods, hiring procedures and social conventions that have been around for decades. The AEA survey reveals (显示) that 46% of women have not asked a question or presented an idea at conferences for fear of being treated unfairly, compared with 18% of men. Seminars could be organised to ensure that all speakers get a fair chance. The way that authors’ names are presented on papers could ensure that it is clear who has done the intellectual heavy lifting.
Instead of moving cautiously, the economics profession should do what it is best at: recognise there is a problem, measure it objectively and find solutions. If the result is more women in economics who are treated better, there will be more competition for ideas and a more efficient use of a scarce (稀缺的) resource. What economist could possibly object to that?
1. Why does economics have fewer excellent ideas than it should?A.Economical environment isn’t good enough. |
B.Professionals in this field are treated unjustly and their gifts are not fully recognized. |
C.Too many women are employed. |
D.Women do worse in economics than men. |
A.Data to capture how work by female economists is discriminated against. |
B.Its ability to process data quickly and its capacity to experiment. |
C.Action to change recruitment and professional life of female economists. |
D.Seminars organised to ensure that all speakers get a fair chance. |
A.The result of the AEA survey is that there is better treatment to women. |
B.More women in economics will bring more competition of scarce resource. |
C.A balanced sex ratio will do good to the development of economics. |
D.Men in economics can’t make this discipline better. |
A.Opposed. | B.Positive. | C.Objective. | D.Indifferent. |
“Look!” I said to my husband, Roger, pointing to the branches. “The doves (鸽子) have built a nest.
On a chilly April day, we watched with horror as a hawk dived down and took one of the doves. By the next morning the other parent was gone too. Roger climbed up a ladder to take a look into the nest. Was it possible the hawk had spared the young? Yes, there sat a newly hatched baby dove! We brought him inside and set up the nesting box with the heat lamps we had used for raising chickens. Then we rushed to the pet shop to buy the formula (配方奶) which needed to look like the mother’s milk. But even with our care and prayers, we knew that the dove’s chances were slim. We were especially worried that our little bird, whom we’d named Hawkeye, hardly cooed (咕咕地叫) at all. That had to be a bad sign.
But to our surprise, Hawkeye not only survived but also thrived. Within a month, he was able to stand on the edge of a bowl and eat out of a baby spoon. And before we knew it, he was eating the seeds we gave him. Having the opportunity to nurture this new life brought me a greater measure of peace with each passing day.
As Hawkeye grew, we noticed that unlike all the other doves in our yard, he had a double breast with a line dividing it. When I did some research on the doves, I found out that females don’t often coo.
“We got it all wrong,” I told Roger. “Hawkeye is a girl!”
We realized that we’d have to teach her to fly. First, we urged her to fly from a finger to the bottom rung (梯子的横档) of a six-foot ladder, and in no time she was moving quickly to the top. She lit out (逃走,溜掉) for the kitchen whenever she heard the click of the spoon on her bowl. By mid-June she’d gained full confidence in her wings.
注意:1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Paragraph 1: At that time, we knew it was time to set our Hawkeye free.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Paragraph 2: But one May morning, Hawkeye and the other dove landed on the rooftop.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3 . When 19-year-old Emily Bhatnagar from Maryland, USA, found out her father had stage four thyroid cancer, her response was a little different than you might expect. To honour her father, who she also describes as her best friend, she decided to start a book drive called For Love and Buttercup, collecting books for kids with cancer.
“It was very much an overnight idea,” she explains. “I posted a message on an app called Nextdoor asking my neighbours for used book donations. I was only expecting a few here and there, but the response was truly incredible and it was just the push I needed to co-exist with my grief rather than letting it consume me.”
“It was absolutely heartbreaking to watch my dad go through cancer and see him lose a little bit of himself each day, but the book drive allowed me to develop a newfound sense of purpose connected with sympathy to help others in any shape or form. I wanted to help kids. They’ve always held a soft spot in my heart.”
Using tips she earns from working at her parents’ bread shop, Emily has bought many books out of her own pocket. In addition, she receives donations through her Amazon wish list, which can be found in the bio of the book drive’s Instagram account, @forloveandbuttercup.
The project has seen a huge success, with For Love and Buttercup donating over l5,000 books and being recognized by The Washington Post, Forbes, The President’s Volunteer Service Award and Lady Gaga’s Born This Way Foundation.
1. What was Emily’s reaction when she found out her father’s illness?A.She lost herself in sadness. |
B.She drove her father around the world. |
C.She sought support from her best friend. |
D.She showed her sympathy to kids with cancer. |
A.It broke her heart. | B.It was her father’s dream. |
C.It became a big challenge. | D.It gave her a sense of purpose. |
A.Anyone who donated books received a special gift. |
B.Emily wanted to arouse people’s awareness of cancer. |
C.People donated money to her father through the book drive. |
D.Emily’s cause has received positive response from the public. |
A.An Inspiring Cause | B.A Lifesaving Decision |
C.A Heartbreaking Story | D.An Award-winning App |
Wilson’s dog, Jack, was an energetic, six-year-old collie that would meet him every day at the trolley (电车) station when Wilson returned from work. This was a routine that had begun when Jack was a pup (小狗). The dog knew the route to and from the station like the back of his paw-and following that route was the highlight of his day. So when Wilson changed jobs and had to move to California, he thought it best to leave Jack at his home in Philadelphia with a relative. He explained all this to the dog upon leaving and told him that they both would have to adjust to new homes.
But Jack didn’t want a new home. He would not stay with the family he’d been left with. He returned to Wilson’s old house, even though it was boarded up, and there he passed his lonely days beside an abandoned chair in the porch (门廊). But every evening, tail wagging, he trotted (小跑) off to the trolley station. For as long as Jack had been in the world, Wilson had always taken the same trolley home from work, and Jack had been there to greet him. But evening after evening, there was no sign of the dog’s master, Confused and sad, he would return alone to the deserted house.
The dog’s depression grew. He refused the food left for him, and as the days passed, he became thinner and thinner and his ribs (骨) could be seen even through his thick blond coat. But every evening, ever hopeful, he’d go to the station to meet the trolley. And every evening, he’d return to the porch more depressed than before. No one knows why Jack’s new family didn’t contact Wilson.
注意:1.续写词数应为150个左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Jack’s worsening condition did not go unnoticed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The trolley soon took Wilson to the station.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.表示欢迎;
2.活动安排。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Anna,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best regards,
Li Hua
Surprisingly, in South Korea,Hanghulu has become even more popular than the country’s
7 . Bryanna Cook and her mum, Yolanda Cook, were headed to see Bryanna’s grandma when Ms Cook had a stroke while
Recalling the scary incident, Bryanna said: “I was scared, so I called my grandmother.” Her grandmother told her to call 911. After she
Ms Malone said that while she had Bryanna on the 911 line, she used her phone to talk to Bryanna’s grandmother for more
Information from Bryanna and her grandmother
“Her teachers and the school principal were all very supportive,” Ms Cook said. Bryanna is a first grader at Fairview Elementary School. Fairview Principal Johnson said Bryanna displayed values the teachers try to
A.driving | B.surfing | C.jogging | D.cooking |
A.overcoat | B.medicine | C.cellphone | D.equipment |
A.cared for | B.looked for | C.responded to | D.connected with |
A.enjoyed | B.observed | C.described | D.ignored |
A.appearance | B.condition | C.marriage | D.background |
A.money | B.information | C.trust | D.fun |
A.followed | B.refused | C.recalled | D.forgot |
A.freezing | B.fresh | C.warm | D.sweet |
A.ask | B.question | C.doubt | D.see |
A.personally | B.privately | C.constantly | D.eventually |
A.station | B.school | C.hospital | D.gate |
A.teach | B.rescue | C.blame | D.harm |
A.regret | B.sadness | C.pride | D.surprise |
A.content | B.calm | C.creative | D.friendly |
A.understand | B.predict | C.summarize | D.choose |
8 . Keeping your weight within the ideal range for your height is one of the most important steps you can take to maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints. It is healthy to keep your weight below a certain level.
Calculate your BMI
A good way to work out whether you need to lose or gain weight is to calculate your body mass index (BMI).
Your weight is a reflection of the balance between your energy intake and energy consumption. If your intake exceeds expenditure, the excess energy is stored on your body as fat. To lose weight you simply need to tip the balance in the other direction, by increasing your consumption, decreasing your intake, or a combination of both.
Develop a good eating habit
Exercise regularly
Losing weight is not difficult — it is keeping it off that is the real challenge.
A.Keep a balance |
B.Don’t skip breakfast. |
C.More than half the UK population is overweight. |
D.But it is also important not to go too far the other way. |
E.The most effective way to lose weight is plenty of exercise. |
F.The safest way to lose weight is to do it slowly and steadily. |
G.A BMI between 18.5 and 25 is associated with the lowest health risks. |
9 . Are you an “I person” or an “E person”? These two personality labels in particular are widely discussed online. They are part of a popular personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI. All of the results have four letters, and there are 16 results in total, “I” and “E” refer to “introverted” and “extroverted”, respectively.
Even if someone is typically quiet, many online discussions suggest that an “I person” can still act outgoing at times. For example, when an introverted person is with a group of introverted friends, they might become more social like an “E person”. According to psychologists, this idea of temporarily switching personalities is called “masking”. That is hiding your true personality in specific situations.
“Human beings want to feel they belong, and they might become people-pleasers to do so,” wrote the MasterClass website.
Thinking on this, I may actually be the kind of person that these people are discussing. Most times, I just wish to make the atmosphere more interesting and exciting and show people that I’m easy to get along with. But deep down, I mostly enjoy being alone and quiet.
Using the MBTI result to identify and describe someone’s personality seems fun. However, I went too far at one time. My sister was excitedly making a day-to-day travel plan when I remembered from an article that “P people” don’t like to make or stick to plans, so I said to her, “You don’t seem like a ‘P person’?” “Why?” she asked back, “Since when do I need to follow what my personality test tells me to do?” It was then that I realized I’d taken the result too seriously.
The MBTI personality test may show something you don’t know about yourself and can even be a fun ice-breaker question when meeting new friends. And that’s all it is-for fun. Knowing someone’s MBTI result doesn’t mean you really know this person. And those four letters of yours don’t define who you are.
1. What do we know about an “I person”?A.An “I person” may feel lonely. | B.An “I person” can be outgoing. |
C.An “I person” is always selfish. | D.An “I person” is popular online. |
A.Covering. | B.Avoiding. | C.Showing. | D.Criticizing |
A.She didn’t like the “P person” | B.She didn’t like making plans. |
C.She didn’t take MBTI seriously. | D.She didn’t take the personality test. |
A.It’s just for fun. | B.It defines who you are. |
C.It helps match good friends. | D.It can shape your personality |
10 . McCormick Place in Chicago, the largest convention center (会议中心) in North America, is covered in glass that is enjoyable for humans but deadly for birds. On Oct. 5, over 1,000 migrating birds died from colliding with (相撞) its glass walls in a single day.
One key reason for the accident is the glass. During the day, birds fly toward glass as it reflects a perfect image of the sky and nearby trees. As night falls, the bright light from glass buildings attracts birds who fly according to the location of the moon and stars. The collision happened on the night of Oct. 5, when the lights in the building were on for an event.
After colliding with a building, many birds will die on the spot from a broken skull. Others may continue to fly for some distance, but they rarely survive for more than a few hours, as Brendon Samuels, who researches bird window collisions at the University of Western Ontario, Canada, told The Guardian.
Every year, nearly one billion birds collide with glass in the US, according to the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In China, bird collisions are not uncommon, either. In the autumn of 2022 and spring of 2023, the National Anti-bird Collisions Action Alliance reported a total of 190 cases of bird collisions, which included several types of birds listed as second-class protected wildlife.
These tragedies could have been avoided if appropriate measures had been taken. Many places around the world have already put forward bird-related guidelines on building design. These include reducing the use of glass in building walls and applying bird-friendly materials and visual markers to the buildings’ walls. Turning off lights at night during migration seasons can also significantly help reduce bird collisions. Alongside guidelines on bird-friendly building design, people can also do their bit to help birds by putting stickers on glass windows in their homes and closing the curtains at night.
1. Why did so many birds crash into the building on Oct. 5?A.It was newly built. | B.It was noisy at night. |
C.It was lit up that night. | D.It was invisible at night. |
A.They may die soon after. | B.They may survive after all. |
C.They may change their direction. | D.They may be saved by researchers. |
A.Bird collisions happen a lot. | B.Birds can be damaging to buildings. |
C.Bird collisions never happened before 2022 | D.Protected birds can avoid crashing into building. |
A.Draw the curtains during the day. | B.Use visual markers on buildings’ walls. |
C.Change the color of the light in buildings. | D.Use environmental-friendly building material. |