Threatened by Arctic changes

Climate change may wipe out polar bears by the end of this century,    1    recent report in the journal Nature Climate Change said. However, unless more is done, their extinction is likely    2    (come) earlier as their home may disappear.

According to Science Daily, the Arctic, the only natural habitat for polar bears,    3    (be) in danger. Sea ice in the area could disappear    4    (complete) by 2035. This is undoubtedly bad news for this animal, as they use the    5    (float) sea ice to hunt.

Scientists made this    6    (predict) by using the UK climate model. According to Science Daily, this model allowed researchers to compare Arctic sea ice conditions during the last interglacial period(间冰期)    7    present day conditions. Researchers found that during the last interglacial period many shallow    8    (pool) of water formed on the surface of the Arctic sea ice during spring and summer. These pools, known as melt ponds, played a key role in the melting of the sea ice. This is because    9    there are larger areas of melt ponds, more heat is absorbed by sea ice, which causes it to melt    10    (far). To save the northern-most region of Earth, what we should be doing is "focusing all our minds on achieving a low-carbon world".

Britain is famous around the world for its rainy, weather, but many parts of the country this June are experiencing much more rain than before．

Heavy rains have caused rivers to burst     1     banks，roads have been closed and many people have been removed     2     their homes because of the floods．The worst hit area seems to be the north of England．There have even been deaths as people got stuck in the rain         3     were washed away by the floodwaters．Early     4    （warn）have been issued in many parts of the UK and it is said that over a month's worth of rain has fallen     5     just the last couple of days．

The rain has also caused troubles at some of Britain's famous June events．The Glastonbury festival is a four﹣day﹣long outdoor music festival and while it is traditionally quite     6    （rain）and muddy there，this year was     7    （particular）bad．It rained throughout     8     festival and with more than 170，000 people     9    （walk）around and camping on the ground；it didn't take long for the site to turn into a mud bath．

People can only hope     10     the rain will stop soon and the sun will come out， so they can eventually start to enjoy a nicer summer．

Different places have different climates. A desert, for example,     1    （ refer） to as a dry climate because little water falls during the year. In polar regions, however, rising global temperatures     2    （associate） with climate change mean that ice sheets and glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate from season to season. This contributes to sea level rise in     3    （ difference） regions of the planet. Together with expanding ocean waters due to rising temperatures, the rise in sea level has begun to damage coastlines     4     a result of increasing flooding.

The cause of current climate change is largely human activities, like burning fossil fuels,     5    include natural gas, oil, and coal. Burning these materials     6    （ release） greenhouse gases into the Earth^’s atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun's rays inside the atmosphere,     7    （cause） the Earth's average temperature to rise. The warming of the planet impacts local and     8    （ region ） climates. Throughout the Earth's history, climate has     9    （ continual ）changed. When occurring naturally, this is     10     slow process that has taken place over hundreds or thousands of years. The human influenced climate change that is happening now is occurring at a much faster rate.

Earth is setting heat records. It will be much hotter one day. But     1    hot could it get? As a heat wave     2     (roast) the western United States last week, temperatures in California's Death Valley rose to 130 degrees Fahrenheit,     3     (mark) the hottest temperature measured anywhere on Earth since 1931 and the third hottest day ever recorded on our planet. It's difficult     4     (forecast) how hot Earth might get if we keep jamming carbon into the atmosphere,     5     (expert) say. As Michael   Wehner, an extreme weather researcher, put it in an email, "    6     increase in temperatures of future heat waves     7     (depend) a lot on how far into the future and how much more carbon dioxide we send out. ” But a recent research     8     (exact) tells people what the heat waves of tomorrow could look like if we don't control our carbon emissions (排放)at all. By the end of the century, heat waves in California could top out at temperatures about 10 to 14 degrees Fahrenheit     9     (high) than they do today, "I would expect that an event of the same rarity (罕见)     10    Today’s 130°F would be about 140°F in that high-emission future,” Wehner says.

More than 11,000 scientists are warning that the Earth, in their words, "clearly faces a climate emergency."The scientists represent several fields of study and come from 150     1     (country) around the world. They approved a report that appeared in the publication Bioscience     2     (early) this month. It warns     3     the world would face "untold human suffering" if it does not make deep and lasting shifts in human activities that influence climate change.

The new report     4     (call) the "World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency." This is the first time     5     large group of scientists have jointly(共同地) used the word "emergency" when     6     (talk) about climate change."Despite 40 years of global climate negotiations...we have generally conducted business as usual and have     7     (large) failed to address this predicament(艰难处境)," the study said. "Climate change has arrived and is accelerating faster than many scientists expected."The report identified six areas that the world needs to deal    8     immediately. The scientists appealed to nations       9     (use) energy more efficiently and cut their use of fossil fuels. They suggested that lawmakers approve taxes on the burning of carbon-based fuels, such as coal, oil and     10     (nature) gas.

The death toll from a powerful typhoon sweeping across China’s east coast rose to 30 on Sunday, with     1     least 18 still missing, after torrential downpours forced more than 1 million    2    (leave) their homes, the state news media reported.

    3    (Near) 5 million people in Zhejiang province have been affected by the storm, Typhoon Lekima,     4     made landfall early Saturday, according to the reports. Many of the deaths occurred in Yongjia County, near the city of Wenzhou, when the collapse of a natural dam set off a flash flood that swept away several people, said CCTV.

The typhoon, which packed winds of up to 116 mph, caused major travel disruptions across the region,     5    (include) in Shanghai, with thousands of flights canceled and train operations suspended. Shanghai Disneyland was closed on Saturday.

In Zhejiang, the typhoon damaged more than 400,000 acres of crops and 34,000 homes, amounting to economic losses of more than $2.2 billion, said Xinhua News agency, citing provincial authorities.

Officials in the city of Linhai, near Taizhou, said on Sunday that the typhoon    6    (cause) the worst flooding there in the 70-year history of the people’s Republic of China, with water levels as high as 36     7    (foot) causing major power failures. State news reports showed people wading through waist-high water in the centuries-old city’s narrow alleyways.

Lekima, China’s     8    (nine) typhoon of the year, is expected to make     9     second landing on Sunday evening farther north in Shangdong province, the state news media said. More travel disruptions are     10    (like).

What would happen if all of Earth’s ice melted? As Earth gets    1    (hot) every year, the planet’s ice suffers. The ice is melting faster than ever. Sea ice is    2    (main) in the Arctic. This kind of ice is made of salty seawater. Land ice is mostly in Greenland and Antarctica,     3    is made of fresh water. Sea levels will rise to 50 to 85 meters,     4    (cause) many global changes.     5    (city) near the sea will disappear. Sea animals will have no homes. Earth will move around more slowly. We will have longer days because two milliseconds    6    (add) to each day. Global temperature will rise by 3.5℃. Poisonous chemicals from some ice will go into rivers and oceans.

Only 30 percent of water on Earth is fresh,     7    about 70 percent of that is     8    (freeze). That’s 30 million cubic km of ice. Using this kind of ice     9    (build) a 1000- meter-thick wall,     10    would cover North America.

Although heat related deaths and illnesses are preventable, around 618 people are killed nationwide by extreme heat every year.

Extreme heat     1     (describe) as summertime temperatures that are much hotter or more humid than average. Humid and sticky conditions can make it seem hotter than it really is. Heat-related illnesses, like heat stroke, happen when the body is not able to     2     (proper) cool itself. While the body normally cools itself by sweating, during extreme heat, this might not be enough. In these cases,     3     person's body temperature rises     4     (fast) than it can cool itself down,     5     can cause damage to the brain and other vital organs. Older adults, the very young, and people     6     mental illness and chronic diseases are at highest risk. However, even    7     (health) people can be affected if they participate in intense physical    8     (activity) during hot weather.

Summertime activity, whether     9     (play) indoors or outdoors, must be balanced with actions that help the body cool itself to prevent heat-related illnesses. You can visit our website     10    (learn) more on how to stay safe in the heat this summer, including how to prevent, recognize, and cope with heat-related illnesses.

Stephanie Jenouvrier at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution found the future of emperor penguins (帝企鹅)depended on international efforts to manage climate change rather than on their     1     (able)to adapt to new environment. Climate change, if     2    (leave)unchecked, could drive emperor penguins to extinction (灭绝)by the end of the century as sea ice disappears.

Disappearing sea ice affects these penguins     3     (direct) because they rely on it for their living. Sea ice changes are already affecting emperor penguins, with breeding failures for three years in a row at their second     4     (big) living place in the Antarctic.

    5     (examine )the future of emperor penguins, Jenouvirer and her team       6    (model)their population under three scenarios (设想)：global temperature increases by 1.5°C; global temperature increases by 2°C; no action     7     (take) to reduce emissions(排放物). They wanted to see     8     would happen if emissions kept rising. They found that global warming of 1.5°C would cause a 31 percent fall,     9    2°C a 44 percent fall. "The result was     10     81 to 86 per cent fall in population by 2100 under the third scenario, "said Jenouvrier.

On March 28, 2020, millions of people around the world turned their lights off for “Earth Hour”,     1     event meant to remind people of the importance of climate action. Because of the coronavirus(冠状病毒), this year’s event     2     (mark) online.

Initially launched as a way of making people aware of climate change in Sydney in 2007, Earth Hour     3     (grow) to engage more than 7000 cities and towns worldwide ever since. It is held once a year. People switch their non-essential lights off for an hour     4     8:30 and 9:30 at night. There have been many public activities in     5     (celebrate) of Earth Hour around the world. This year, public gatherings aren’t allowed in most places. So instead, organizers encouraged people to take part digitally.

In Singapore that meant special on-line performances. Australia held a similar live-stream of performances by bands, comics, and others. In other places, people were encouraged to upload videos or photos     6     can highlight how important it is to protect the environment.

With the climate     7     (get) worse, focusing attention on climate action is seen by many as more important than ever. Scientists     8     (strong) suggest taking effective action before 2030     9     (avoid) the worst effects of the climate emergency. Though most countries usually use a bit     10     (little) energy during Earth Hour, the main idea is to remind people to take action on climate change outside of Earth Hour.