1 . 听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。
1. I When did people first celebrate books?A.In 1922. | B.In 1926. | C.In 1930. |
A.Once a month. | B.Once a year. | C.Once every two years. |
A.Alexandria. | B.New Delhi. | C.Madrid. |
2 . As archaeologists (考古学家) examined ancient tombs in Turfan in western China, they discovered some surprisingly well-preserved and familiar relics. Though hardened from over 1,000 years, there sat little dumplings.
Exactly who invented dumplings remains a mystery. But some scholars suspect they were first spread by nomadic (游牧的) Turkic peoples living in western China and Central Asia. This is thought to be the case because “manti,” meaning “dumpling” or “steamed bun” in many Turkic languages, appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages. Ancient Turkic people probably filled their dumplings with meat. But it’s unclear when this practice began, or whether they learned the art of dumpling-making from others. However this happened, dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China.
Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China over the next thousand years. Instead of the traditional meat filling, some communities chose vegetarian (素食) dumplings. People developed new cooking methods. The relationship between Chinese dumplings and those in other areas is tricky to trace, but food historians have made their best guesses based on available clues.
Besides Turkic tribes, some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also contributed to the spread of dumplings, perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe. These dumplings could have come by way of China or directly from some of the Turkic peoples the Mongols hired to run their empire. One theory is that this gave rise to dumplings like pelmeni in Russia, pierogi in Poland and vareniki in Ukraine. The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea and might have likewise introduced dumplings there. Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries, English speakers began calling them dumplings, which means “little lumps”. During the Second World War, Chinese “jiaozi” were brought to Japan. So what about the Italian dumpling-like pasta? Some historians think it might be brought by Arab conquerors.
It’s unlikely that all dumpling dishes came from the same root tradition. However, we can appreciate the mysterious historical web that made dumplings so various.
1. What made Turkic peoples suspected to first spread dumplings?A.The languages they used. | B.Their eating habits. |
C.Their dumpling-making skills. | D.The newly found tombs. |
A.Originated. | B.Stabilized. |
C.Got well-cooked. | D.Became popular. |
A.The spreading process of dumplings. |
B.The possible origins of dumplings. |
C.Differences between various dumplings. |
D.Reasons for the popularity of dumplings. |
A.Delicious. | B.Diverse. | C.Unusual. | D.Regional. |
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Chinese civilization
9 . About 5,300 years ago, people from the grasslands of modern-day Russia and Ukraine expanded rapidly across Eurasia. Within a few centuries these “Yamnaya” left a lasting genetic mark on populations from central Europe to the Caspian Sea. Today, archaeologists call them “eastern cowboys” for their livestock herding (畜牧) and highly mobile lifestyle.
But one part of the classic cowboy picture was missing: horseback riding. Although cattle bones and solid carriages have been found in Yamnaya sites, horse bones are hard to find, and most archaeologists assumed people did not start to ride horses until at least 1,000 years later.
In a new study published in Science Advances, researchers say they’ve found the earliest evidence of horseback riding not in the bones of ancient horses, but in their Yamnaya riders. “Everyone has focused on horse remains to get an idea of early horse riding,” says co-author and University of Helsinki archaeologist Volker Heyd. “Our approach was to look at humans.”
The researchers looked at more than 150 bones unearthed in Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria — the western frontier of Yamnaya expansion. The Yamnaya were well-fed, healthy, and tall; the chemical composition of their bones showed protein rich diets consistent with herding cattle and sheep. But the bones showed signs of distinctive wear and tear. They also showed thick spots on the leg bone consistent with lots of time spent on the horse back. Healed injuries matched the kinds of damage a kicking horse might cause, or what sports medicine doctors today see in riders thrown from their horses.
“In terms of trying to identify people riding horses, I think they’ve done the best job possible bioarchaeologically,” says bioarchaeologist Jane Buikstra. “That doesn’t mean it’s perfect, or convincing, ultimately.”
More samples — including horse bones with signs of riding, such as bit marks or back bone damage from the weight of a rider — would help make the case, says CU bioarchaeologist Lauren Hosek. What the group has found “is really interesting”, she says. “But there’s a lot more work to be done when the risks of drawing the final conclusion are as high as the earliest horse riding.”
1. Why are the archaeologists looking for the horse bones?A.To prove the Yamnaya’s rapid expansion. |
B.To confirm the Yamnaya’s herding variety. |
C.To further understand the lifestyle of Yamnaya. |
D.To trace the origin of the classic cowboy picture. |
A.It includes field trips. | B.It focuses on human bones. |
C.It is based on horse remains. | D.It compares the compositions of bones. |
A.Their bones bore the evidence of horse riding. |
B.Many Yamnaya people died from horse kicks. |
C.Their lifestyle of herding led to severe injuries. |
D.They mainly lived in Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria. |
A.Objective. | B.Favorable. |
C.Disapproving. | D.Unclear. |
10 . The days when art was an Olympic sport
Did you know that creating works of art used to be an Olympic competition?
The idea to include art in the Olympics came from Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who was the founder of the International Olympic Committee, which created the modern Olympics. Coubertin believed that the arts and sports were linked and was impressed by anyone who had a firm command of both a sport and an artistic discipline(项目).
Why aren’t the arts included in the Olympics today?For starters, only amateurs were allowed to compete in the arts part of the Olympics.
Secondly, works of art created had to have sports as the subject matter.
Finally, one of the biggest reasons was that the arts are subjective. Sports can be judged by time and distance, making it easy to determine who is the winner.
A.Why was art made an Olympic discipline? |
B.What is a discipline in the Olympic Games? |
C.This rule made the objects produced seem really boring. |
D.The arts, on the other hand, are not quite so easy to judge |
E.However, the arts part of the Olympics Games was soon abandoned |
F.This means that many famous artists were banned from participating. |
G.For 36 years, from 1912 to 1948, artists participated in the Olympic Games. |