1 . Unexpected Things About Archaeology (考古学)

Archaeology is an amazing career. We get to explore and debate how life has been and can be lived, and we get to share this knowledge with people in a way which benefits society. If you don’t know an archaeologist or haven’t worked with one before, you might not know what they actually do or you might think we do things that we don’t.     1    

Not all archaeology is underground.

A lot of people think of archaeology as being buried in the ground, but any physical material can tell us about the past.     2     In fact, there’s a whole specialism of archaeology that involves recording historic buildings and creating drawings and reports about them.

    3    

You might think archaeologists are only interested in the most precious items, like coins, valuable jewellery or well-preserved objects. But often the most common items, like pottery, clay tobacco pipes, glass bottles or bricks, can tell them the most information. They help build a picture of people’s lives. Sometimes, not finding an object we thought would be there tells us something about the people.

Archaeologists don’t use brushes very often.

Many people think archaeologists spend all day brushing dirt off the items they find. They do sometimes use brushes to clean surfaces for clear photographs. But they mainly use tools like trowels, shovels or mattocks. A normal day involves a lot of heavy digging.    4     But sometimes archaeologists work with very fragile items. For this they would normally use tools like a thin “leave” trowel, but usually a brush.

Archaeologists can use technology to learn what is underground instead of digging.

    5     Geophysical Survey uses electric and magnets to find tiny differences in the earth and creates a map of potential archaeology under the earth. Drones can also be used to take aerial photographs, where things like crop-marks can be clues to past human activity.

Archaeology is a science, an art and a form of physical work. It’s varied and can appeal to people with different interests and skills. It may take you on a journey you don’t expect!

A．Archaeology is for everybody.

B．Archaeologists aren’t only interested in gold.

C．Archaeologists don’t have to dig to learn about what is underground.

D．So we pulled together a list of things you might not know about archaeology.

E．This means above-ground remains, like buildings, are important forms of evidence.

F．They also must work quickly as they’re usually part of a wider construction project.

G．Archaeologists get more information about the history of an area with every site they dig.

2 . 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Paper-making is a reflection of ancient Chinese wisdom,     1     (regard) as one of the Four Great Inventions of China. Among various types of paper in China, Xuan paper, traditionally handmade in Xuancheng, Anhui province, is famous for its close association    2    Chinese calligraphy and ink paintings.

The     3    (early) mention of Xuan paper is in On Famous Paintings Through History, a book by a scholar from the Tang Dynasty. It listed many characteristics of Xuan paper, like its stability, its durability and its    4    (resist) to insects. Yet     5    positioned it as an ideal medium for calligraphy and painting is its capacity to display various ink shades. Such are the features of the Xuan paper    6    it has gained favor among artists and calligraphers across generations.

With the growing popularity of Xuan paper in recent years, the industry has expanded     7    (dramatic) in Anhui. Last year, large quantities of Xuan paper, to be precise, about 500 metric tons,     8    (produce) in Xuancheng,     9     engaged more than 30, 000 local people in the industry. Currently, the local government is building a Xuan paper cultural park and a Xuan paper town    10     (develop) cultural tourism.

3 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

As centuries pass,     1     (historian) are still able to remember the achievements attained by the first emperor of unified China. We have to acknowledge that the successes QinShi Huang had were     2     (last) and helpful for the future of China.

When Qin Shi Huang first came into power in 220 BCE, China     3    (divide) into many kingdoms. In order to unify China, he launched a war    4     the other six major kingdoms. By 221 BCE, he was able to unify China under his rule.

Qin Shi Huang had    5    profound impact on China’s culture. He helped dig canals and build roads    6     (facilitate) travel. He started the national road system and created fast roads. He was    7     (extreme) influential in China’s government. Qin declared that the round coin with a square-shaped hole in the center as the currency of China. He named it ban-liang coin. The first emperor was able to create a unified measuring standard for weight, volume and     8     (long).

He asked his Prime Minister, Li Si, to unify the eight calligraphic (书写的) styles     9     were promoted in other states and absorb some     10     (simplify) characters to create the standardized Qin. This was China’s first thorough character standardization movement led by the central government, and the uniform calligraphic style had great significance in pushing forward the development of Chinese characters.

4 . “Do you want fries with that?” For the average American, who eats 29 pounds of fries each year, the response to this irresistible question is a resounding yes. McDonald’s alone sells 9million pounds of fries globally every day. To keep up, its U. S. supplier uses an extremely large fry-cutting machine that shoots potatoes through at 60 to 70 miles per hour, 24 hours a day.

It’s hotly debated whether fries first came from France or Belgium, but it was American soldiers during World War I(1914-1918)who named them “French.” The soldiers became smitten with the potatoes in southern Belgium—where villagers fried sliced potatoes instead of fish when the River Meuse froze over—but called them French since that was the most spoken language. The name stuck.

Many chefs agree an ideal fry is achieved with a double-dunk (浸泡) in hot oil: The first bath forms the fries’ initial outer layer, and the second crisps that layer to a beautiful golden brown. Still, famous fry-makers differ in how they deep-fry: Five Guys uses peanut oil, while McD’s adds “natural beef flavor” to its vegetable oil. Shake Shack now turns to a nostalgic frozen crinkle-cut (波纹薯条) after switching to a freshly made straight-cut version and making their fans angry. As CEO Randy Garutti said, “When we sent out the Instagram of crinkle-cuts coming back, it’s to this day the most-liked thing we’ve ever done.”

How one dips a fry alters the experience. Since the rise of fast food in the 1940s, the dunk er of choice has been classic ketchup. But in their likely birthplace of Belgium, fries are served with mayonnaise. In Utah, the two dips are combined into a zippy pink “fry sauce.” Or perhaps you prefer to dunk them in a chocolate milkshake, making the better question: “What do you want with your fries?”

1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?

A．McDonald’s is a world famous fast food restaurant.

B．Fries have gained great popularity around the world.

C．Machines for making fries are very advanced nowadays.

D．American people eat the largest amount of fries worldwide.

2. What does the underlined phrase ”became smitten with“ in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．Put up with.	B．Came up with.
C．Did away with.	D．Fell in love with.

3. Why did American soldiers name the fried sliced potatoes ”French“?

A．Because the soldiers were stationed in France.

B．Because the soldiers wanted to pay respect to the French cuisine.

C．Because the villagers in southern Belgium spoke French at that time.

D．Because the soldiers believed the potatoes were originally from France.

4. What can we learn from the passage?

A．An ideal fry needs to be fried in hot oil at least three times.

B．Five Guys and McDonald’s use different oils to deep-fry the potatoes.

C．The popularity of fast food is a result of the introduction of crinkle-cut fries.

D．Most Shake Shack customers prefer a freshly made straight-cut version of fires.

5 . In 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, ______ also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This ______ guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.

This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just published in the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more ______. Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual ______ may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.

In 1968 working out the ______ of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much ______. But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.

Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was ______. And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the ______, Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA. But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) ______ X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.

Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular ______ XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew ______ with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to ______ contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and ______ it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned had indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.

While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a ______ burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that ______ in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter.

1.

A．therefore

B．what’s more

C．nevertheless

D．for instance

2.

A．intensified

B．confirmed

C．dismissed

D．encouraged

3.

A．complicated

B．engaging

C．unpleasant

D．frightening

4.

A．in question

B．at large

C．by comparison

D．with doubt

5.

A．composition

B．age

C．sex

D．origin

6.

A．distinct

B．unidentified

C．alike

D．broken

7.

A．female

B．old

C．young

D．male

8.

A．cooperation

B．authority

C．institute

D．adventure

9.

A．restored

B．extra

C．missing

D．dominant

10.

A．requirement

B．interest

C．combination

D．emphasis

11.

A．inspirations

B．lessons

C．inferences

D．comparisons

12.

A．eliminate

B．monitor

C．imitate

D．generate

13.

A．rejected

B．concluded

C．recalled

D．confessed

14.

A．high-status

B．secret

C．religious

D．peaceful

15.

A．conclusion

B．evidence

C．respect

D．solution

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In China, the use and cultivation (种植) of green tea goes back thousands of years. While there is no precise way to know     1    (exact) when green tea was first cultivated, the following is     2    we know from historical records.

Legend assigns the discovery of tea to mythological emperor Shennong, who is said     3    (discover) tea in the 28th century BC. Shennong was sitting under a tea tree boiling a pot of water to drink. Some     4    (leaf) fell from the tree into the boiling water, creating the first ever pot of tea. During the Han Dynasty, written records referred     5    the cultivation of green tea. However, this wasn`t green tea for drinking     6    for medical purposes. The Tang Dynasty     7    (consider) by most to be the golden age of Chinese arts and culture. It was during this time that green tea became a popular drink and an important part of     8    (tradition) Chinese culture.

    9    first written account of tea culture, Cha jing or The Classic of Tea, was published by Lu Yu. This short but comprehensive work,     10    (cover) ten chapters, discusses everything from the mythological of tea, history, cultivation, preparation to tea culture.

7 . I first heard of what is now known as Aten-Egypt’s own Pompeii back in December 2019. I was speaking with Zahi Hawass, the famous former head of Egyptian antiquities, on the sidelines of Egypt’s World Youth Forum. I was interested to hear about the latest work in Egyptian archaeology. But from my 16 years in the Middle East, I’m always a bit tired of archaeologists who sell their site as “the most important ever” or findings that “change our understanding” of a civilization. But it was not what Dr. Hawass had discovered that interested me. At that point, his team had not yet broken ground. What interested me was the team itself. For the first time, Dr. Hawass was leading an all-Egyptian team where every role was filled by an Egyptian national.

For more than a century, western archaeologists have been the ones making “discoveries” in Egypt, the Levant and Mesopotamia. Even in modern joint Arab-international digs, I would watch as foreign archaeologists almost always got the credit, while their local partners would seem less important. One major reason for this gap is institutional and financial: western archaeologists have big-name universities and funds behind them, while Egyptian and other Arab archaeologists often have to pay for their own tools.

The fact that Egyptians were now setting out to uncover more about their own archaeological heritage jumped out to me as an important story to tell. Unfortunately, the pandemic prevented me from joining Dr. Hawass and his team when they started excavations in 2020. When I finally arrived at their excavation sites in November 2022, I met passionate young Egyptian specialists, who expressed the hope of one day becoming university professors to pass on their knowledge and experience to the next generation of Egyptians. What I was witnessing was more than Egyptians gaining a renewed sense of dignity and reclaiming a past that was often told by others. It was a story of the many future Atens to be discovered by the all-Egyptian teams and archaeologists being inspired by this dig.

1. What do we know about Dr. Hawass from paragraph one?

A．He likes boasting about his discovery.	B．He made a ground-breaking discovery in 2019.
C．He is the most famous archaeologist in Egypt.	D．He led a team entirely composed of Egyptians.

2. Why are western archaeologists mentioned in the second paragraph?

A．To criticize their cooperation.	B．To emphasize their cultural superiority.
C．To highlight their advantages.	D．To praise their contributions.

3. Which of the following can best describe the young Egyptian specialists?

A．Inspired and motivated.	B．Inexperienced and untrained.
C．Humble and honest.	D．Flexible and adaptable.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the article?

A．Western vs. Local Archaeologists.	B．A Discovery Bigger than Archaeology.
C．The Dignity of Egyptian Archaeologists.	D．The Latest Discovery in Archaeology.

8 . In 2017, Yazd, a city in the desert of central Iran, was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Yazd has long been a focal point for creative inventiveness. It is home to an underground refrigeration structure called yakchat   and an underground irrigation system called qanats. In addition, the city has the wind catcher, a cooling architectural element that has been used for thousands of years. And it has the most wind catchers in the world.

These remarkable towers are a common sight standing above the buildings of Yazd. There are two main forces that drive the air through and down into the structures: the incoming wind and the change in buoyancy (浮力) of air. First，as air is caught by the opening of a wind catcher, it is led down to the house below. Then the air flows throughout the inside of the building, sometimes over underground pools of water for further cooling. Eventually, warmed air will   rise and leave the building through another tower or opening.

Some of the earliest wind-catching technology came from Egypt 3,300 years ago. Here, buildings had thick walls, few windows facing the sun, an opening to take in air and an exit opening on the other side known as malqaf architecture. Iran’s wind-catching technology is widely considered to have added structural improvements to allow for better cooling-such as typically combining it with its existing irrigation system to help to cool the air down before releasing it throughout the home.

The structures, which require no electricity to power them, are now drawing scientists back to the desert city to see what role they could play in keeping us cool in a rapidly heating world. Parham Kheirkhah Sangdeh has extensively studied the scientific application and surrounding culture of wind catchers in contemporary architecture at Ilam   University in Iran. He hopes to see Iran’s wind catchers updated to add energy-efficient cooling to existing buildings. “People need to keep an eye on the past and understand why energy conservation is important,” he says.

1. Which of the following makes the city of Yazd unusual?

A．Its long history.

B．Its extreme climates.

C．Its ancient innovative wonders.

D．Its central geographical position.

2. Where is the opening of a wind catcher?

A．Near a house’s door.

B．Above the rooftop.

C．Beside the underground pools.

D．Beneath a house’s windows.

3. How does Iran’s wind catcher differ from Egypt’s malqaf ?

A．It is surrounded by thicker walls.

B．It has no windows facing the sun.

C．It requires no electricity to power it.

D．It takes advantage of water’s properties.

4. What is Parham Kheirkhah Sangdeh working on?

A．Introducing wind catchers into today’s buildings.

B．Studying the earliest wind catchers in Egypt.

C．Repairing traditional wind catchers in Yazd.

D．Creating energy conservation labs at Ilam University.

9 . 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Many people around the world may know that paper is one of the Four Great Inventions of ancient Chinese civilization,    1    few would know that more than 1,500 years ago, ancient Chinese craftsmen invented a new type of paper,    2    was called Xuan paper and used mainly for writing and painting.

Xuan paper was first made in ancient Xuan Prefecture, now    3    (know) as Jingxian County in Anhui Province. The traditional process of making Xuan paper is    4     (extreme) demanding and involves over 100 steps. The whole process can take as long as two years    5    (complete), and the skills have been passed down for    6    (generation).

Xuan paper is highly water absorbent, making it a perfect medium for conveying artistic effect in both Chinese calligraphy and ink wash painting. In addition, Xuan paper    7    (design) to be able to last for more than 1,000 years and still keep the freshness of the ink and color on it.

Today in Jingxian County, there    8     (be) many Xuan paper factories and workshops, where the paper is still made by master craftsmen using traditional techniques. And because of    9    (it) long history and the essential role it has played     10    the culture of Chinese painting and calligraphy, Xuan paper was included on the first list of China’s national intangible cultural heritages(非物质文化遗产)in 2006.

10 . You may have seen them standing alone in a farmer’s field. With thin arms and a strange smile, they stand guard over the crops day and night.     1    

Scarecrows have been around since at least the time of the ancient Egyptians. Back then, farmers covered wooden frames with nets to protect wheat fields.     2     Around 2500 BCE, the Greeks made the first human-like scarecrows. They added a face which was similar to that of the Greek god Priapus.     3     The Romans later copied this design and brought it to Europe.

Centuries after the Romans marched through Europe, people around the world were creating their own scarecrows. In Japan, scarecrows were shaped like people in raincoats and straw hats. In Germany, scarecrows were made to look like witches.

    4     In the oldest book of Japanese literature, The Kojiki, a scarecrow named Kuebiko appears. Though he can’t walk, Kuebiko is a kind of all-knowing god. In the mid-19th century, writer Nathaniel Hawthorne brought scarecrows into literature with the short story “Feathertop.” In this tale, a witch who prays to the Devil brings a scarecrow to life.

Then there is the most famous scarecrow. His name is simply “Scarecrow,” and he appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In the children’s novel, Scarecrow joins Dorothy, Tin Man and the Cowardly Lion on an adventure to meet the wizard of the magical land of Oz.     5    

Aside from these examples, scarecrows have featured in rock songs and as characters in comic books. On Halloween, they are brought out as scary decorations. Both practical and creepy, scarecrows continue to capture our imagination.

A．Scarecrows appear everywhere in the world.

B．We can never ignore the influence of stories about scarecrow.

C．They are scarecrows, whose job has gone unchanged for thousands of years.

D．They would hide in the wheat, and then jump out to scare birds into their nets.

E．This was thought to be scary enough to keep birds away from their precious fields.

F．Throughout the years, scarecrows have made many appearances in popular culture.

G．Scarecrow has appeared in films and plays around the world since the release of the book.