1 . Looking for a relaxing holiday? Need to refresh yourself after a stressful few months?
First of all, what exactly is a spa? Traditionally, spas were places where you “took the waters” – meaning you drank some of the water or bathed in it.
A typical day in Carlsbad in the 19th century went as follows. Visitors got up at 6:00 am to drink the waters and be serenaded by a band. Next, came a light breakfast, a bath in the waters, and then lunch. In the afternoon, visitors went sight-seeing, walked or attended concerts.
Today, spa treatments are more popular than ever, although drinking the water isn’t as common as it used to be. But of course, if you want some mineral water, you can always get a bottle of Perrier from the mini-bar!
| A．Here’re some tips for you. |
| B．Perhaps you need to go to a spa! |
| C．Of course, there’s nothing new about spas. |
| D．After dinner, there were musical performances. |
| E．Spas were introduced to the UK in the 17th century. |
| F．But nowadays, a “spa” can mean a variety of things. |
| G．It was the Romans who made spas popular in Europe. |
The origin of tea is lost among history and tales.
The ancient Chinese medical book called Shennong Bencaojing states that “Tea tastes bitter. Drink it,
1. What is the speaker?
| A．A guide. |
| B．A teacher. |
| C．An interpreter. |
| A．The history of Fairhaven. |
| B．An introduction to Manjiro's life. |
| C．The relationship between Japan and the USA. |
| A．1841. |
| B．1827. |
| C．1851. |
| A．To celebrate the achievements of Manjiro. |
| B．To represent the official status of sister cities. |
| C．To sell Japanese and American food. |
So far around 200 more warriors from ancient China's Terracotta Army
Shen Maosheng said most of the warriors that were
The Terracotta Army built around 2,200 years ago was intended to protect Emperor Qin Shi Huang in his afterlife. The army,
It was first discovered in 1974 by farmers
Archaeologists
5 . Many of the sports in ancient Egypt are still practiced today. In fact, many of the basic elements of sports, like rules and uniforms, were first used by Egyptians. The sports had important functions in society. Some were played for fun and fitness. Others were played to make stronger warriors(武士) and leaders.
The first group of sports, mostly for fun was those like rowing, hunting, and the high jump. Hunting and fishing could be enjoyed by the kings and regular people. The same was for rowing. Rowing needed strength. Teams of people got into boats and followed the commands of a leader. He would give regular, sharp calls to tell them when to row. This technique is still used for rowing teams today. Another popular game was tug-of-war. This was a game where two teams had to pull each other over a line. If team fell forward, they lost. This game is still played today in the country.
The second group of sports prepared people for the army and the temple. These included boxing, horse riding, running, and archery(箭术). They were ways to work on skills for fighting. They were also ways to work on mental and spiritual power. Running a marathon was a good example of this. The king would run to show he had the mental strength to guide his country. Hockey was another Egyptian game. Players held tree branches with a bent end, just like modern hockey sticks. They had to hit a ball made of leather that was brightly colored.
These sports were a part of Egyptian culture. They kept the people happy and fit. The basic rules were created thousands of years ago. They are still seen in some forms today.
1. According to the passage, what was the purpose of sports?| A．They could stop people from being angry at the king. |
| B．They could stop people from working too much. |
| C．They could keep people busy with no time to fight. |
| D．They could keep people happy and in good shape. |
| A．clear | B．hopeful |
| C．keen | D．energetic |
| A．To explain how hockey is not fashionable. |
| B．To state his opinion on ancient Egyptian games. |
| C．To provide another example of an old game played today. |
| D．To contrast its simplicity with the complexity of other games. |
Tourism started around the 17th or 18th century. Rich Europeans would set off on a Grand Tour of classical
Famous poets such as Britain's Lord Byron spent two years travelling the Mediterranean, where they enjoyed
Mass tourism
Nowadays, Thomas Cook is still a household brand name in the UK, with the company
7 . As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and - since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1 880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth.” ran one popular Victorian maxim, mentioning the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super- rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
1. According to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter ________.| A．illustrated the development of Victorian photography. |
| B．highlighted social media's tole in Victorian researches. |
| C．re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public image. |
| D．transformed people's initial cognition of the Victorians. |
| A．The Victorian portraits show effects of era-gulfs and mirror the social conventions |
| B．By the 1850s,a fixed grin had naturally been mainstreamed by most individuals |
| C．In the 1890s,Victorian’s unfit dental condition might have driven them from smiling in the photos. |
| D．Faced the option to smile,most Victorians held liberal perspectives and showing partiality in treating clinics. |
| A．When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently? |
| B．How come most Victorians looked stem and stiff in photographs? |
| C．How can re-assessing pasts reveal the contemporary tendency? |
| D．How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm? |
8 . New findings clearly show the Anglo Saxons were a melting pot of people from both migrant and local cultural groups and not one group from Western Europe.
Prolessor Keith Dobney at the University of Sydney said the team 's results state that "the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of early Medieval Britain were clearly similar to modern Britain—full of people of different ancestries sharing a common language and culture.”
Published in PLOS ONE, the cooperative study by Professor Dobney at University of Sydney and Dr Kimberly Plomp and Professor Mark Collard at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver. looked at the three-dimensional shape of the base of the skull (头盖骨).
“Previous studies have shown that the base of the human skull holds a shape signature that can be used to track relationships among human populations in a similar way to ancient DNA,” Dr Plomp said. "Based on this, we collected 3D data from suitably dated skeletal collections from Britain and Denmark, and then analysed the data to judge the ancestry of the Anglo-Saxon individuals in the sample.”
The researchers found that between two-thirds and three-quarters of early Anglo Saxon individuals were of continental European ancestry, while between a quarter and one-third were of local ancestry. When they looked at skeletons dated to the Middle Anglo- Saxon period (several hundred after the original migrants arrived), they found that 50 to 70 percent of the individuals were of local ancestry, while 30 to 50 percent were of continental European ancestry, which probably indicates a change in the rate of migration and local adoption of culture over time. "These findings tell us that being Anglo- Saxon was more likely a matter of language and culture, not genetics," Professor Collard said.
The ongoing and unresolved argument is whether a lot of European invaders largely replaced the existing Romano- British inhabitants, or did smaller numbers of migrants settle and interact with the locals, who then rapidly adopted the new language and culture of the anglo-Saxons?" Our new data suggests that early Anglo Saxon society was a mix of both newcomers and locals and, instead of whole population replacement, a process of acculturation resulted in Anglo- Saxon language and culture being adopted largely by the local population.
1. What can we infer from the study?| A．Many locals were killed by continental European migrates. |
| B．Anglo- Saxons created the most powerful language and culture. |
| C．The Anglo- Saxon individuals were actually from western European. |
| D．Anglo-Saxons were people of different ancestors with the same culture. |
| A．By studying the local culture and language. |
| B．By comparing the change rates of different people. |
| C．By comparing the different cultures and languages. |
| D．By studying the shapes of the skull of the related people. |
| A．cultural adaptation. | B．cultural development. |
| C．race fighting. | D．culture invade. |
| A．A research of the Anglo-Saxon culture. |
| B．A study of the origin of Anglo- Saxons. |
| C．A history story of Anglo-Saxon individuals. |
| D．A study of the power of language and culture. |
In Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, food is usually eaten with
Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also
Five thousand years ago, Chinese people probably cooked their food in large pots,
Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived
Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, most people traditionally eat
10 . People in the Middle Ages did eat with their hands. Personal utensils (餐具) were mostly unheard of, especially forks. There were spoons to help serve, but only special guests would receive a knife from the host. Everyone else would be expected to bring their own. Of course, eating with one's hands can be quite a sticky situation, so towels were provided to help diners stay at least somewhat clean as they ate.
Still, dining was often a messy affair. At special occasions in the wealthiest households, women tended to dine alone, separate from the men. Women were expected to uphold a quality of grace. Eating greasy meat by hand would certainly not help! Once the men and women had finished their meals, they would come together to socialize.
Dietary scholars of the Middle Ages believed that the foods in a meal needed to be served and eaten in order of heaviness. The lightest and most easily digested foods, such as fruits and cheeses, were eaten first to help the digestive (消化) system get started. Once digestion was underway, greens and light meats, such as lettuce, cabbage and chicken, could be eaten. Last came the heavier vegetables and meats, such as carrots, beans, beef, pork, and mutton. This method was considered the most healthful way to eat.
The main and largest meal of the day was supper, and it was eaten at midday. Dinner was a light meal, and many of those in nobility (贵族) - the highest levels of the Middle Ages society-skipped breakfast altogether. Breakfast was considered unnecessary for those who did not perform physical work. Snacks and any other eating during the day were viewed the same way. Commoners, or the working class, were allowed to eat breakfast and small meals throughout the day.
1. What did people in the Middle Ages usually do at the dinner table?| A．They cleaned hands before meals. |
| B．They used personal utensils. |
| C．They had to use knives at dinner. |
| D．They ate mostly with hands. |
| A．The order of eating foods. |
| B．The weight of various foods. |
| C．The principles of digesting foods. |
| D．The list of healthy foods. |
| A．Breakfast was wasted for the nobility. |
| B．Breakfast was viewed as unnecessary. |
| C．Breakfast was considered as a light meal. |
| D．Breakfast was saved for commoners. |
