3 . “Do you want fries with that?” For the average American, who eats 29 pounds of fries each year, the response to this irresistible question is a resounding yes. McDonald’s alone sells 9million pounds of fries globally every day. To keep up, its U. S. supplier uses an extremely large fry-cutting machine that shoots potatoes through at 60 to 70 miles per hour, 24 hours a day.

It’s hotly debated whether fries first came from France or Belgium, but it was American soldiers during World War I(1914-1918)who named them “French.” The soldiers became smitten with the potatoes in southern Belgium—where villagers fried sliced potatoes instead of fish when the River Meuse froze over—but called them French since that was the most spoken language. The name stuck.

Many chefs agree an ideal fry is achieved with a double-dunk (浸泡) in hot oil: The first bath forms the fries’ initial outer layer, and the second crisps that layer to a beautiful golden brown. Still, famous fry-makers differ in how they deep-fry: Five Guys uses peanut oil, while McD’s adds “natural beef flavor” to its vegetable oil. Shake Shack now turns to a nostalgic frozen crinkle-cut (波纹薯条) after switching to a freshly made straight-cut version and making their fans angry. As CEO Randy Garutti said, “When we sent out the Instagram of crinkle-cuts coming back, it’s to this day the most-liked thing we’ve ever done.”

How one dips a fry alters the experience. Since the rise of fast food in the 1940s, the dunk er of choice has been classic ketchup. But in their likely birthplace of Belgium, fries are served with mayonnaise. In Utah, the two dips are combined into a zippy pink “fry sauce.” Or perhaps you prefer to dunk them in a chocolate milkshake, making the better question: “What do you want with your fries?”

1. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?

A．McDonald’s is a world famous fast food restaurant.

B．Fries have gained great popularity around the world.

C．Machines for making fries are very advanced nowadays.

D．American people eat the largest amount of fries worldwide.

2. What does the underlined phrase ”became smitten with“ in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．Put up with.	B．Came up with.
C．Did away with.	D．Fell in love with.

3. Why did American soldiers name the fried sliced potatoes ”French“?

A．Because the soldiers were stationed in France.

B．Because the soldiers wanted to pay respect to the French cuisine.

C．Because the villagers in southern Belgium spoke French at that time.

D．Because the soldiers believed the potatoes were originally from France.

4. What can we learn from the passage?

A．An ideal fry needs to be fried in hot oil at least three times.

B．Five Guys and McDonald’s use different oils to deep-fry the potatoes.

C．The popularity of fast food is a result of the introduction of crinkle-cut fries.

D．Most Shake Shack customers prefer a freshly made straight-cut version of fires.

5 . In 1968 a grave dating from about 1100 was uncovered near Hattula, in Finland, Little remained of the occupant’s skeleton, but the inhumation included two swords and a knife. Such grave goods would normally suggest said occupant was a man. The skeleton was, ______ also decorated with brooches (胸针) and woollen clothing of types more usually worn at the time by women. This ______ guess that the burial was actually of a powerful woman, possibly a local ruler in her own right rather than just the wife of a male king.

This would be noteworthy enough. But a re-examination of the remains, just published in the European Journal of Archaeology by Ulla Moilanen of the University of Turku and Elina Salmela of the University of Helsinki, suggests the truth may be yet more ______. Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela suspect that the individual ______ may have had outward characteristics of both a man and a woman.

In 1968 working out the ______ of a skeleton in an ancient grave was tricky. After years of deterioration, the bones of men and women look pretty much ______. But that was before the use of DNA became possible. So Ms. Moilanen and Dr Salmela thought it worth trying again.

Most people have two sex chromosomes (染色体): XX in women and XY in men. Find DNA from a Y-chromosome in a skeleton and the chances are the body was ______. And, looking at a fragment of femur brought to her by Ms. Moilanen, who is the archaeologist in the ______, Dr. Salmela, who is the geneticist, did indeed find such DNA. But not much of it. That led her to wonder about contamination (污染), but also to consider whether the individual in the grave had had a(n) ______ X-chromosome that was swamping the signal from the Y.

Having an abnormal number of sex chromosomes is rare, but not vanishingly so. The particular ______ XXY leads to what is known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. To determine the occupant’s karyotype (染色体组型) from the tiny amount of DNA available, Dr. Salmela drew ______ with living people. The grave delivered 8,329 pieces, so she used a computer to draw samples of similar size from the genomes of living people with various karyotypes, including XXY, and also from mixtures of both sexes, to ______ contamination. She then compared these with the DNA from the grave and ______ it was 99.75% probable the individual concerned had indeed had Klinefelter’s syndrome.

While Dr Salmela was working all this out, Ms. Moilanen and her team had another look at the grave. They confirmed that it was a ______ burial. For instance, they found evidence of fine furs, probably from foxes. Clearly, this was a well-respected human being, but what led to that ______ in a world then dominated by male values is a matter of puzzle. Perhaps the person came from a family powerful enough for such things not to matter.

1.

A．therefore

B．what’s more

C．nevertheless

D．for instance

2.

A．intensified

B．confirmed

C．dismissed

D．encouraged

3.

A．complicated

B．engaging

C．unpleasant

D．frightening

4.

A．in question

B．at large

C．by comparison

D．with doubt

5.

A．composition

B．age

C．sex

D．origin

6.

A．distinct

B．unidentified

C．alike

D．broken

7.

A．female

B．old

C．young

D．male

8.

A．cooperation

B．authority

C．institute

D．adventure

9.

A．restored

B．extra

C．missing

D．dominant

10.

A．requirement

B．interest

C．combination

D．emphasis

11.

A．inspirations

B．lessons

C．inferences

D．comparisons

12.

A．eliminate

B．monitor

C．imitate

D．generate

13.

A．rejected

B．concluded

C．recalled

D．confessed

14.

A．high-status

B．secret

C．religious

D．peaceful

15.

A．conclusion

B．evidence

C．respect

D．solution

7 . Thatbyinnyu (达宾纽佛塔) is the tallest pagoda in Bagan, with seven storeys and a history of over 800 years. Over the course of hundreds of years, it has been _________ by time. Despite the constant prayers, the pagoda must still face the _________ of time. In 2016, a(n) _________ occurred in central Myanmar (缅甸) and hundreds of pagodas and Buddha statues were damaged. Thatbyinnyu was among the most seriously affected.

A team of _________ professionals from China are busily working with their Myanmar counterparts shortly after the earthquake. They must complete the reinforcement of the pagodas before the _________ season arrives. In Bagan, craftsmen hold on to the techniques passed down from generation to generation when _________ pagodas. Original local materials are used and all work is done by _________. All materials must be transported manually to the third storey of the pagoda. In order to avoid friction (摩擦) of the supporting steel pipes against the ground or the walls of the pagoda, the construction team must lay wooden boards on the third and fourth storeys. Moving a piece of board is a test of _________ and care.

The rainy season is approaching. Two days ago, the roof of the pagoda began to _________ after heavy rain. The construction team must identify the most suitable material quickly to __________ the external cracks on the roof of the pagoda to prevent new leakage. The restoration team carried out experiments using lime, sand, and Bagan’s __________ red brick powder in different proportions. In the end, they found the combination with the best overall __________ in terms of water absorption and strength. After more than a month of non-stop work, the team of Chinese and Myanmar professionals finally completes the emergency reinforcement of the Thatbyinnyu __________ the arrival of the rainy season.

Once the rainy season is over, China’s __________ to Myanmar to fully repair the Thatbyinnyu Pagoda will __________ start. This project may last for nine years.

1.

A．protected

B．restored

C．weathered

D．recognized

2.

A．damage

B．length

C．abuse

D．facilitation

3.

A．flood

B．drought

C．eruption

D．earthquake

4.

A．revision

B．restoration

C．review

D．redesign

5.

A．rainy

B．windy

C．snowy

D．dry

6.

A．painting

B．stimulating

C．repairing

D．composing

7.

A．machine

B．crane

C．equipment

D．hand

8.

A．passion

B．patience

C．inspiration

D．refreshment

9.

A．leak

B．crack

C．collapse

D．break

10.

A．copy

B．seal

C．narrow

D．examine

11.

A．big

B．tiny

C．cheap

D．local

12.

A．shape

B．formation

C．performance

D．design

13.

A．beyond

B．before

C．behind

D．after

14.

A．application

B．appreciation

C．assistance

D．appointment

15.

A．informally

B．initially

C．primarily

D．officially

8 . I first heard of what is now known as Aten-Egypt’s own Pompeii back in December 2019. I was speaking with Zahi Hawass, the famous former head of Egyptian antiquities, on the sidelines of Egypt’s World Youth Forum. I was interested to hear about the latest work in Egyptian archaeology. But from my 16 years in the Middle East, I’m always a bit tired of archaeologists who sell their site as “the most important ever” or findings that “change our understanding” of a civilization. But it was not what Dr. Hawass had discovered that interested me. At that point, his team had not yet broken ground. What interested me was the team itself. For the first time, Dr. Hawass was leading an all-Egyptian team where every role was filled by an Egyptian national.

For more than a century, western archaeologists have been the ones making “discoveries” in Egypt, the Levant and Mesopotamia. Even in modern joint Arab-international digs, I would watch as foreign archaeologists almost always got the credit, while their local partners would seem less important. One major reason for this gap is institutional and financial: western archaeologists have big-name universities and funds behind them, while Egyptian and other Arab archaeologists often have to pay for their own tools.

The fact that Egyptians were now setting out to uncover more about their own archaeological heritage jumped out to me as an important story to tell. Unfortunately, the pandemic prevented me from joining Dr. Hawass and his team when they started excavations in 2020. When I finally arrived at their excavation sites in November 2022, I met passionate young Egyptian specialists, who expressed the hope of one day becoming university professors to pass on their knowledge and experience to the next generation of Egyptians. What I was witnessing was more than Egyptians gaining a renewed sense of dignity and reclaiming a past that was often told by others. It was a story of the many future Atens to be discovered by the all-Egyptian teams and archaeologists being inspired by this dig.

1. What do we know about Dr. Hawass from paragraph one?

A．He likes boasting about his discovery.	B．He made a ground-breaking discovery in 2019.
C．He is the most famous archaeologist in Egypt.	D．He led a team entirely composed of Egyptians.

2. Why are western archaeologists mentioned in the second paragraph?

A．To criticize their cooperation.	B．To emphasize their cultural superiority.
C．To highlight their advantages.	D．To praise their contributions.

3. Which of the following can best describe the young Egyptian specialists?

A．Inspired and motivated.	B．Inexperienced and untrained.
C．Humble and honest.	D．Flexible and adaptable.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the article?

A．Western vs. Local Archaeologists.	B．A Discovery Bigger than Archaeology.
C．The Dignity of Egyptian Archaeologists.	D．The Latest Discovery in Archaeology.

9 . In 2017, Yazd, a city in the desert of central Iran, was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Yazd has long been a focal point for creative inventiveness. It is home to an underground refrigeration structure called yakchat   and an underground irrigation system called qanats. In addition, the city has the wind catcher, a cooling architectural element that has been used for thousands of years. And it has the most wind catchers in the world.

These remarkable towers are a common sight standing above the buildings of Yazd. There are two main forces that drive the air through and down into the structures: the incoming wind and the change in buoyancy (浮力) of air. First，as air is caught by the opening of a wind catcher, it is led down to the house below. Then the air flows throughout the inside of the building, sometimes over underground pools of water for further cooling. Eventually, warmed air will   rise and leave the building through another tower or opening.

Some of the earliest wind-catching technology came from Egypt 3,300 years ago. Here, buildings had thick walls, few windows facing the sun, an opening to take in air and an exit opening on the other side known as malqaf architecture. Iran’s wind-catching technology is widely considered to have added structural improvements to allow for better cooling-such as typically combining it with its existing irrigation system to help to cool the air down before releasing it throughout the home.

The structures, which require no electricity to power them, are now drawing scientists back to the desert city to see what role they could play in keeping us cool in a rapidly heating world. Parham Kheirkhah Sangdeh has extensively studied the scientific application and surrounding culture of wind catchers in contemporary architecture at Ilam   University in Iran. He hopes to see Iran’s wind catchers updated to add energy-efficient cooling to existing buildings. “People need to keep an eye on the past and understand why energy conservation is important,” he says.

1. Which of the following makes the city of Yazd unusual?

A．Its long history.

B．Its extreme climates.

C．Its ancient innovative wonders.

D．Its central geographical position.

2. Where is the opening of a wind catcher?

A．Near a house’s door.

B．Above the rooftop.

C．Beside the underground pools.

D．Beneath a house’s windows.

3. How does Iran’s wind catcher differ from Egypt’s malqaf ?

A．It is surrounded by thicker walls.

B．It has no windows facing the sun.

C．It requires no electricity to power it.

D．It takes advantage of water’s properties.

4. What is Parham Kheirkhah Sangdeh working on?

A．Introducing wind catchers into today’s buildings.

B．Studying the earliest wind catchers in Egypt.

C．Repairing traditional wind catchers in Yazd.

D．Creating energy conservation labs at Ilam University.

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In 432 B.C., as the cities of Athens and Sparta    1    (battle) in a war, a deadly illness swept through Athens,    2    (strike) fear and panic into her citizens. The disease reached Athens via the port city of Piraeus and spread throughout Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, killing almost a third of its population, even the great leader then, 66-year-old Pericles    3    (include). It seemed the only thing for the citizens to do was    4    they had to wait to die.

    5    (protect) the people of Athens, when the pandemic just broke out, Pericles ordered the Athenians to move within the city’s newly built ‘long walls’, but it was when the real nightmare began. This gave the disease the perfect conditions    6    the pandemic could more quickly infect more of the Athenian population.

In the history Of Greece, the ancient Greek historian Thucydides, who fell victim to the disease and survived, wrote that “people in good health were attacked    7    (severe) all of a sudden by violent heats in the head, and redness and inflammation in the eyes, the inward parts, such as the throat or tongue, becoming bloody and emitted an unnatural and fetid breath”. Despite    8    (write) evidence of the disease, its cause is still unknown. Possibilities might be    9    we call typhoid fever and Ebola nowadays.

Months later, the disease finally became less intense and for a brief period the Athenians were relieved, but it would strike twice more, forcing Athens to yield to Sparta in 404 BCE and ending Athens’ rule in ancient Greece. The history of mankind    10     (consist) of plenty of battles of fighting against epidemics, which can change history itself in turn.