5 . The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists. Descriptions like ‘Palaeolithic Man’, ‘Neolithic Man’, etc., neatly sum up whole periods. When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the twentieth century, they will surely choose the ________ ‘Legless Man’. ________ of the time will go something like this: in the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs. Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to ________ people walking. This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of miles each day. But the surprising thing is that they didn’t use their legs even when they went on holiday. They built cable railways, ski-lifts and roads to the top of every huge mountain. All the beauty spots on earth were spoiled by the ________ of large car parks.

The future history books might also record that we were ________ of the use of our eyes. In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. Air travel gives you a bird’s-eye view of the world - or less if the wing of the aircraft happens to get in your way. When you travel by car or train a ________ image of the countryside constantly smears the windows. Car drivers, ________, are forever obsessed with the urge to go on and on: they never want to stop. Is it the lure of the great motorways, or what? And as for sea travel, it hardly deserves mention. It is perfectly ________ in the words of the old song: ‘I joined the navy to see the world, and what did I see? I saw the sea.’ The typical twentieth-century traveler is the man who always says ‘I’ve been there.’ You mention the remotest, most evocative place-names in the world like El Dorado, Kabul, Irkutsk and someone is ________ to say ‘I’ve been there-meaning, ‘I drove through it at 100 miles an hour on the way to somewhere else.’

When you travel at high speeds，the present means ________: you live mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to arriving at some other place. But actual arrival, when it is ________, is meaningless. You want to move on again. By traveling like this, you ________ all experience; the present ceases to be a reality. The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present. For him traveling and ________ are one and the same thing: he arrives somewhere with every step he makes. He experiences the present moment with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body. At the end of his journey he feels a delicious physical ________. He knows that sound. Satisfying sleep will be his: the just ________ of all true travelers.

6 . Corporate scandals (丑闻), like political scandals, start with shocking revelation and then move inevitably into who-knew-what stage. This is where executives can start reestablishing their ________ —or deepen the damage.

Since they were forced to ________ one of the biggest frauds (欺诈行为) in auto industry history last month, the executives at Volkswagen have offered ________ and promised to fix the cheating devices wired into eleven millions of their diesel cars (柴油车). But they haven’t explained who ordered, ________ and designed the software that enabled the cars to cheat on emissions tests while emitting ________ on the road. Nor has Volkswagen said how and when it plans to fix the cars, which many customers bought in the belief that they were fuel ________ and clean.

On October 8, German prosecutors broke into the corporate offices as part of their investigation. Meanwhile, Matthias Muller, the ________ appointed chief executive, continued to insist that the former executive, Martin Winterkorn, who resigned shortly after the scandal, knew ________. “Do you really think that a chief executive had time for the inner functioning of engine software?” he said in a recent interview, as if the problem was some

________ shortcoming and not an elaborate effort to ________ regulators and customers around the world.

If Mr. Winterkorn was not responsible, who was? Nobody believes that the handful of senior managers could have ________ this scheme without any support. Hans-Dieter Potsch, a supervisory board chairman, issued a statement earlier this month, saying it would take time before Volkswagen could make ________ the findings of its internal investigations. “We must overcome the crisis,” he explained, “but we must also ensure that Volkswagen continues to grow.” That seems to miss the point that Volkswagen will neither overcome the crisis nor grow unless it can instantly produce some _______ answers and explanations.

Even if they manage to fix millions of cars, Volkswagen executives will still face an enormous ________ from lawsuits, lost sales and the ________ to Volkswagen’s reputation. There is no device to block the angry and urgent questions that they face. Apologizing is just the easy part.

7 . Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to control people's self-interest in the service of the common good. The _______ of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives (激励) can also _______, minifying the very behavior they're meant to encourage.

A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood   _______ the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of scientific evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives--showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right in so many cases that businesses should _______.

Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity _______ the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments(情绪)”. The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff-- we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. _______ , people desire to be respected by others as ethical and _______. And they don't want to be taken for losers. Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being _______ than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer _______ the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with __________ for performance is textbook economics, but it can lead to the depression of employees.

Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we're being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted and they can imply--sometimes wrongly--what __________ us. Fines or public criticism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they __________ or diminish our ethical sensibilities.

This does not mean it's __________ to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time--just that efforts to do so often fail. __________ ,   policies support socially valued ends not only by controlling self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders __________ while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.

8 . The teenage years of an individual is marked by evaluating one's values,experiencing a shift in outlooks,and a tendency to act rebellious. It can also be a time when someone becomes extremely____ to negative influences,and is drawn towards dangerous situations. On the other hand,for parents, the period of their children's adolescence means regularly worrying about their safety and formation as a citizen. Thus, a method of _____teenagers' security is needed, and curfews(宵禁)are often seen as such a measure，since they have proved their ______the same time, certain peculiarities exist about establishing curfews for children.

The issue of teenage curfews is widely debated in the United States, where this method is still rather _____, and in European democracies, where this measure is yet not so widely used .The first and foremost reason for establishing curfews is children's security. ____curfews require teenagers under 17 years to stay out of streets starting from 11p.m.or midnight. This is believed to protect them from crimes committed after nightfall,as well as from breaking the law, and there exists serious evidence _____this belief. For example, when New Orleans enabled a dusk-til-dawn curfew in 1994, the rates of juvenile crime were reported to fall more than 20 percent.Even more impressive _______were recorded in Dallas, which reported a 30-percent decrease in violent juvenile crime,and a 21-percent decrease in the overall rates of crimes committed by young people (The New York Times).

On the other hand, curfews can be seen as a preventive measure that rob young people of their rights,____ their freedom. This opinion is _____ supported by the fact that curfew violations(违规) and the respective charges are among the most often committed juvenile crimes in the United States. _______, there were reports claiming that police arrested more non-white teenagers for curfew violations.All this can cause a teenager to believe they have crossed a psychological line dividing them as criminals; thus,such teenagers may start to see themselves as outlaws, which can _____ committing more serious crimes than a curfew offense.

What is important for a parent to remember when establishing a curfew for their children is that a teenager's misjudged view of certain______may cause them to misbehave in some other way; this is proved by research conducted by the University of Minnesota, according to which teens tend to protest against what they see as _______. Considering this,parents should ______the authoritarian style of establishing curfews; instead, they should have a conversation with their teenager that would be aimed at finding ideal conditions for a curfew that would ______both sides.

9 . The designer, Charles Frederick Worth (1825-95), was the first to sew labels into the clothes that he created. Because of this and his international fame, Worth is generally considered to be the father of _________ , which started in the late 19th century. Before then, making clothes was mainly done by _________ dressmakers whose clothes were influenced by what people were wearing at the French royal court. Worth, originally from England, moved to France in 1846, where he enjoyed considerable success with the nobility. Since then, there have been even greater successes for other designers, such as Chanel and Armani and those _________ the younger, trendier market, for example, Tommy Hilfiger. Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass-market sales than on _________ designs. Some well-known designers have even teamed up with international high street shops who want to add a luxury product to their range. _________ , the London branch of H&M, a clothing company from Stockholm, has started selling cut-price clothes by high-fashion designers. Recently, hundreds of people _________ outside for up to 12 hours to buy clothes designed by Lanvin! Some camped there overnight, even though at the time England was experiencing an extremely cold winter. Is this _________ to labelled goods really worth all the trouble?

An article in The Economist suggests labelled clothes really do _________ the wearers. It quotes research from Tilburg University, in the Netherland, which explains that such clothes bring status and even job recommendations, but only when the label is _________ ! The university’s first research experiment involved photos of a man wearing a polo shirt. The photos were digitally __________ so that one shirt had no logo, another had a luxury-designer logo and the third had a non-luxury logo. On a five-point scale for status, the luxury designer logo rated 3.5, no logo rated 2.91 and the non-luxury logo came last, rated 2.84. It seems it may be better to have no logo at all than to have the __________ logo! In another experiment, people watched one of two videos of a job interview of the same man. In one, his shirt had a luxury logo on it, in the other it didn’t. The man with the logo was rated more __________ the job and even received a recommendation for a 9% higher salary!

The research concluded that like a peacock’s tail, designer labels are seen as __________ of superior status: ‘the peacock with the best tail gets all the girls’. But while a peacock can’t make his tail look more attractive, it seems humans can __________ their status by using design labels. And by doing so, the way we __________ each other’s status may be seriously wrong!

11.

A．special

B．luxurious

C．wrong

D．untold

10 . We're told that writing is dying. Typing on keyboards and screens   _______ written communication today. Learning cursive(草书)，joined-up handwriting was once _______ in schools. But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools _______ typing courses. And in the U. S. , the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013. A few U. S. states still place value on formative cursive education, such as Arizona, but they're not the _______•

Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect   _______. Anne Trubek, author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting, argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called automaticity. That's when you've perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking, _______ you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while you're doing the task. In this sense, Trubek likens handwriting to _______.

"Once you have driven for a while, you don't _______ think ' Step on gas now' [or]   Turn the steering wheel a bit'，'‘ she explains. "You just do it. That's what we want children to _______ when learning to write. You and I don't think ' now make a loop going up for the T ' —or ' now look for the letter ' r' on the keyboard. "Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting, and she doesn't believe it will die out for a very long time, "if ever". But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting: students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at   __________ages, and to type faster than they could write, granting them extra time to think about word choice or sentence structure. In a piece penned (if you'll pardon the expression) for the New York Times last year, Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards, today's children may well become better communicators in text as __________ takes up less of their education. This is a(n) __________ that has attracted both criticism and support.

She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not __________ it will result in a “loss of historyand a   loss of persona] touch ".

On the former she __________that 95% of handwritten manuscripts can't be read by the average person anyway—"that's why we have paleographers," she explains, paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing一while the latter refers to the warm __________we give to handwritten personal notes, such as thank-you cards. Some educators seem to agree, at least to an extent.