1 . You see a shopper trip over in a busy street. Someone else can help. That’s what you tell yourself. This is the bystander effect in action — the dilution (淡化) of responsibility in the presence of others — and it has been demonstrated in many past studies.
But life is complicated and psychologists have seen exceptional circumstances. Two experiments were conducted by Marco van Bommel and his team using an online chat room for people with extreme emotional problems. Eighty-six students were logged into the forum (论坛) and shown five messages from troubled users. They were told to write a reply if they wanted, but it was entirely up to them.
Basically, participants could see their names on the screen alongside others’ names. A counter also told them if the forum was quiet, with just one other person logged in, or busy, with 30 others online. This arrangement reproduced the classic Bystander Effect-participants were less likely to post replies with more people logged in. However, when the researchers cued (提示) self-awareness by highlighting participants’ names in red on the screen, they posted more replies on a busy forum.
A second study was built on these findings, but this time self-awareness was raised by the presence, or not, of a computer web-camera. Over 100 participants took part. Although told the camera wouldn’t be used until later, those with cameras were asked to check the camera’s indicator-light during the study. The Bystander Effect was reproduced when web-cameras were absent-on busy forums participants posted fewer replies to needy users. By contrast, those cued to be self-aware by the web-cam actually wrote more replies.
Nearly any online community can benefit from the research. The ability to turn hesitant bystanders into eager helpers is a recipe for engagement and collective benefit. As in the research, simple design cues could be integrated to help online users remember they are visible to the community. For example, the size of profile images and specific on-site reminders can be used to highlight how users see themselves within the community.
1. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.The hidden danger of a busy street. |
B.The bystander effect in action. |
C.The dilution of responsibility. |
D.The presence of other people. |
A.there were more emotional problems |
B.the counter indicated the forum was quiet |
C.their presence was reminded on the screen |
D.more individuals were logged in the forum |
A.To encourage more replies. |
B.To reproduce the bystander effect. |
C.To further test participants’ mindset. |
D.To better record participants’ actions. |
A.Working together to attract more users. |
B.Combining designs to boost users’ memory. |
C.Building more platforms for public promotion. |
D.Exploring ways to change bystanders into upstanders. |
Now teenagers always have some dark
However, there
A.At 5:00 a.m. | B.At 3:00 a.m. | C.At 2:00 a.m. |
A. increases B. investigated C. comparison D. sustainable E. advertised F. accessible G. process H. footprint I. discourage J. causes K. promote |
Clothing rental is a hot new industry and retailers are demanding to get on board in hopes of attracting green shopper.
But is renting fashion actually more environmentally-friendly than buying it, and if so, how much more? Journalist and author Elizabeth Cline
Take shipping, for example, which has to go two ways if an item is rented-receiving and returning. Cline writes that consumer transportation has the second largest carbon
She writes, “An item ordered online and then returned can send out 20 kilograms of carbon each way, and
Then there’s the burden of washing, which has to happen for every item when it’s returned, regardless of whether or not it was worn. For most rental services, this usually means dry cleaning, a high impact and polluting
Lastly, Cline fears that rental services will increase our appetite for fast fashion, simply because it’s so easily
Renting clothes is still preferable to buying them cheap and throwing them in the dustbin after a few wears, but we shouldn’t let the availability of these services make us too satisfied. There’s an even better step-that’s wearing what is already in the closet.
A. amused B. common C. complete D. disconnecting E. means F. mission G. perform H. positive I. prepared J. spreading K. struggle |
The world of live action role-playing
For many people, the days of playing make-believe (假扮) ended in childhood. But for some, the game of make-believe lives on in Live Action Role-Playing, or LARP. This is a game where people act out characters in a(n)
Although pretty much anything goes in LARP, nearly every event involves players completing a(n)
The genius of LARP is that each event can be any kind of story. The most
One
6 . Imagine looking through 3.7 million outfits online in search of just the right fit. Sounds like an impossible task, doesn’t it? Not anymore — artificial intelligence (AI) stylists make such a task possible.
An AI stylist is a computer algorithm (算法) that can put together outfits. It works by scouring the internet in a very similar way to the Google search engine. The program searches for clothing images on fashion blogs, online stores and social media, collecting thousands of outfits created by human stylists. The program can also “read” text and pick out important details about each article of clothing. Both the images and text are stored in a data set from which the AI stylist makes fashion suggestions for people based on their personal preferences.
An AI stylist can collect tens of thousands of outfits to display to millions of shoppers online. This data set of outfits is constantly updated and controlled by a team of people. The team helps the computer improve the algorithms which in turn helps the AI stylist put together better outfits for a customer.
An AI stylist displays outfits and fittings based on a customer’s desires, but it can also suggest things that may be a little out of the customer’s comfort zone. People are often willing to try something new if they are following styling advice.
An AI stylist can run into trouble when people of different cultures use it. What is trendy in Asia can be very different from what is fashionable in Europe. AI stylists keep up with the latest trends in different countries and then change the program for different regions. Companies can create a set of guidelines for the AI stylist to use, which can be adjusted by country to reflect preferences for different styles.
An Al stylist must also keep up with “fashion rules”. For example, big-sleeved tops do not go with skinny fit blazers. It is difficult for the AI stylist to recognize “rules” like these. So a different AI model that can recognize the cut, style and color of garments adds that information to the database.
AI stylists have been tested against real stylists and fashion influencers and have received positive feedback. Maybe someday we won’t put together an outfit without using our AI consultant first.
1. How can an AI stylist choose the suitable outfit from plentiful ones?A.By its reading abilities. | B.By its supporting team. |
C.By its powerful algorithm. | D.By its connection to the internet. |
A.Because the algorithms need updating. |
B.Because AI stylists are testing customers’ feedback. |
C.Because people usually accept professional suggestions. |
D.Because AI stylists have not read the users’ preferences. |
A.They may fall behind the fashion. |
B.They cannot be accessible in some countries. |
C.They cannot recognize the styles of some clothes. |
D.They may be unable to understand some fashion rules. |
A.Uncertain. | B.Doubtful. | C.Predictable. | D.Promising. |
A.AI VS. Humans | B.How to Choose a Proper AI |
C.AI: Changing How You Look | D.Warning: AI Replacing Stylists |
7 . Did you ever have to say “no” to somebody? Such as a classmate asking to have breakfast with you? New research suggests that, at least socially, a rejection shouldn’t include an —
Gili Freedman is doing some related research at Dartmouth College. For her research, she asked over 1,000 people to respond to different
Gili Freedman said the reason is that apologies make people feel like that the rejection was
However, her research deals only with
A.excuse | B.apology | C.analysis | D.explanation |
A.In fact | B.In particular | C.Above all | D.As a result |
A.challenging | B.alarming | C.disappointing | D.surprising |
A.cope with | B.hand over | C.turn down | D.send back |
A.ideas | B.examples | C.functions | D.rules |
A.comment | B.advice | C.reaction | D.choice |
A.accepted | B.deserved | C.expected | D.offered |
A.helpless | B.sorry | C.upset | D.anxious |
A.feel | B.interact | C.behave | D.strive |
A.inspired | B.pleased | C.embarrassed | D.hurt |
A.flexible | B.beneficial | C.acceptable | D.sufficient |
A.displeasure | B.resistance | C.envy | D.boredness |
A.being turned down | B.being talked with | C.doing the rejection | D.expressing the anger |
A.written | B.social | C.global | D.mass |
A.different | B.effective | C.direct | D.official |
Giving Money to Families with Kids Can Relieve Child Poverty
Nearly 1 in 5 American children is officially poor. That’s roughly 15 million kids. But the number living with a significant deprivation——insufficient food, seriously overcrowded housing or a lack of access to medical care due to cost-is actually much higher. According to the latest studies, it’s more like 1 in 3.
A mountain of evidence now shows that poverty can lead to cognitive (认知的) and emotional damage in children. Child poverty is too harmful and punishing to ignore. A growing number of academics believe there is a solution: the government should give monthly cash allowances, without conditions, to every family with kids.
When Michael Harrington’s classic book, The Other America, called attention to America’s general poverty rate of about 25% in 1962, Washington developed social programs that brought the rate down sharply. Valuable policies intended to relieve child poverty have been enacted since then, but they are not enough: 1 in 3 children does not receive the full benefits of these programs because their parents do not qualify for them.
A family with two children receiving $300 to $400 a month per child could improve their standard of living immediately. Money can buy food, heat, coats, eye-glasses and regular doctors’ visits, including transportation, and help pay for childcare. It can also help reduce family stress and help parents provide a psychologically nourishing environment for learning and social development. Studies demonstrate children’s improved educational performance when families are simply given more money.
For far less money-about $100 billion-the number of children living in official poverty could be cut in half. Such a policy would be a humane, practical, efficient victory for a nation too willing to neglect its poor.
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Convenience vs Health: the Takeaway Dilemma (纠结)
Feeling hungry? If you’re feeling so, what’s the easiest way to satisfy your hunger? Many of us will reach
Eating options are endless, and new technology means we can feed our cravings at the push of a button. Takeaway delivery apps make
Of course, reducing salt, sugar and fat is one way to make takeaway food healthier, as well as offering smaller portion sizes. But
10 . A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?
If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). It’s an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses — answers we feel are true. People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.”
The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify” — in other words, to stop and question what you know.
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept.
The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
According to Sloman, knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.”
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
So, in a world where misleading information is common, training people to care about fact-checking is important, especially in online communities. Think of the stories that are shared on social media every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview — but perhaps not all of them are true.
“Develop a norm (行为标准) in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says “Verify before you believe.”
1. What would be the best title for the reading?A.Helium Rain: A Great Discovery | B.Stop, Question, and Verify |
C.Social Media and How to Use It | D.The Knowledge Limit |
A.To make sure something is true. |
B.To think about something for a long time. |
C.To express an opinion about something. |
D.To make a formal request. |
A.people often forget skills that they learned at school |
B.there is often more than one possible answer to a question |
C.many people give quick responses without thinking carefully |
D.people are likely to tell a lie when they are uncertain of something |
A.You put yourself in others’ shoes when disagreement or even conflict arises. |
B.You post a message online that gives your opinion about a news story. |
C.You are not sure if a story on social media is true, so you search online for more information. |
D.You don’t believe a negative story about a soccer player because he plays for your favorite team. |