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1 . Personality may play only a small part in leadership effectiveness, but there is no doubt that some leaders have a certain magic that leaves peers envious and followers entranced. If you could bottle this leadership X-factor—charisma—the queue of interested executives would be a long-one. But what qualities can these often highly successful leaders be said to possess?

As individuals, charismatic leaders have highly developed communication skills, including the ability to convey emotions easily and naturally to others, says Ronald Riggio, professor of leadership and organizational psychology. “They are able to inspire and arouse the emotions of followers through their emotional expressiveness and verbal skills.”

“They connect with followers because they seem to truly understand others’ feelings and concerns.”

“And they are great role models because they have the ability to engage others socially and display appropriate role-playing skills that allow them to walk the talk” Professor Riggio says.

“One quality we like in our leaders is if they are seen to really represent us. We think someone is more charismatic, the more they represent our collective identity,” Professor Van Knippenberg says. In this way, a charismatic leader is somehow a larger-than-life version of ourselves.

Academics say that charismatic leaders also manage to stand out from the crowd. They might do this by being unconventional or by taking a different approach to problem-solving, for example.

“They are up for new things, and they are not stuck in the status quo. They are open to out-of-the-box thinking, etc. An optimistic, energetic quality helps us to see leadership qualities in them and makes us open to their influence,” he says.

“A lot of charismatic leadership, and leadership in general, is very contextual. It’s really good in entrepreneurial firms. It’s also good for turnarounds if the organization is in a bad state because it inspires”, says Kai Peters, the chief executive of Ashridge Business School.

But not every organization needs a charismatic leader. Leaders loaded with the X-factor can be narcissistic (自恋的), self-glorifying, exploitative and authoritarian. As Peters says: “Where it is a problem is where you have ‘look at me, I’m a star.’’’

1. Which word is closest in meaning to “charisma” in the first paragraph?
A.Charm.B.Character.C.Gratitude.D.Optimism.
2. The charismatic leaders become great role models due to their ______.
A.proper role-playing skillsB.subtle emotional expressiveness
C.marvellous problem-solving abilityD.unconventionality in the crowds
3. According to Professor Knippenberg, what kind of leaders would be welcomed by us?
A.The one who has a heroical image.
B.The one who can speak for us.
C.The one who is a collective version of us.
D.The one who resembles us in characteristic.
4. What is Peters’ attitude towards the contextual feature of charismatic leadership?
A.Critical.B.Approved.C.Neutral.D.Suspicious.
2022-12-14更新 | 178次组卷 | 3卷引用:上海市格致中学2020-2021学年高三上学期摸底考试英语试题
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2 .

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Letter 1

January 28, 2018 | 3:31pm

I work for an e-commerce Website. If one of our merchandisers has a question or wants to make a correction, they e-mail the entire department. In my opinion, this is rude and unnecessary. It seems to me that mass e-mail is appropriate for good or neutral news, rather than making a correction. Do you agree? Moreover, if you were the recipient of the correction, how would you respond?

The only people who should be included in an e-mail are those who need to know or respond. Including everyone is rude and unprofessional as well as annoying to recipients. It’s not like we don’t have enough in our inbox already. I don’t agree that e-mail is only for good or neutral news, however. Sometimes you need to alert people or create a record of bad news. But no one should use e-mail to blame other people. If you’ve got a problem with someone, pick up the phone or take it outside (for a coffee, not a fist fight…geez). As for how to respond, e-mail is usually ineffective for resolving conflict. Have a conversation with the sender and explain why his or her approach isn’t the best and what you recommend.

Letter 2

January 14, 2018 | 9:24 pm

It’s the start of a new year and I believe it’s time for a change. What’s the best way to explain to a prospective employer that you are in need of something new without seeming flighty and without complaining about your current employer?

The new year is as good a time as any to take stock, but not the only reason for making a change. At least, that’s not what you communicate to a prospective employer. Your reason for looking for a new job is less important to your new employer than why you want to work there. Needing a change might be the catalyst(催化剂), but the job search is like dating, and you wouldn’t ask someone out and explain you’re just bored in your current relationship, right? At least I hope not, otherwise you’re likely to be as lonely as Barry Manilow sounds when he sings “It’s Just Another New Year’s Eve”.


1. What is discussed in the first letter?
A.How to ask questions in a polite way.B.How to respond to a false charge.
C.How to make a correction at work.D.How to handle rude mass emails at work.
2. According to Greg, expressing your dissatisfaction with your present job in an interview would be the same as __________.
A.talking about your family issues in public
B.complaining about your prior partner on a first date
C.demonstrating your qualifications to your new boss
D.bragging about your experience to your partner
3. It can be inferred that “go to greg” mainly offers advice on people’s __________.
A.career choicesB.social relationships
C.working problemsD.health problems
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3 . To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.

Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those whoare toiledto death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual labourer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from the avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.

It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortune’s favoured children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vacation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their mind.

1. What does “are toiled” in the 2ndparagraph mean?
A.have hobbiesB.feel pleased
C.work very hardD.are busy
2. Which is NOT true based on the first two paragraphs?
A.Being late in life to attempt to cultivate hobbies adds to mental stress.
B.Great knowledge irrelevant to the daily work can’t guarantee benefit.
C.Those tired out for a week’s labour are reluctant to play football on weekends.
D.Unfortunate people need discipline to help them build up hope.
3. For those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure, they ______.
A.are very willing to work long hours in the office or the factory
B.earn a large amount of money due to their hard work for a long time
C.are keen to enjoy the pleasure when they are off duty
D.usually enjoy themselves in the simplest and most modest forms
4. Which statement will the author agree with according to the 3rdparagraph?
A.The first class are lazy and the second class are bound to succeed.
B.The second class never need holidays because their life is harmonious.
C.The minority are more favoured by fortune because they never stop working.
D.One really needs alternation for a change in order to work better.
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4 . Ladies and gentlemen,

I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work - a life's work in the agony(痛苦) and sweat of the human spirit. But I would like to use this moment as a climax from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same agony and sweat, among whom is already that one who will someday stand here where I am standing.

Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.

He, the writer, must learn them again. He must teach himself that the worst of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is short-lived and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and sympathy and sacrifice. Until he does so, he labors under a curse(诅咒). He writes not of love but of desire, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and, worst of all, without pity or sympathy. His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands(腺体).

Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of sympathy and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and sympathy and pity and sacrifice which have been the glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the pillars to help him endure and prevail.

1. The word “that” in the 2nd paragraph probably means ______.
A.the agony and sweat of the human spirit
B.the general and universal physical fear
C.the sustenance and endurance for a long time
D.the human heart in conflict with itself
2. According to the speaker, the old truths of the heart are so important that ______.
A.they are love, honor, pity, pride, sympathy and sacrifice
B.they prolong a writer’s life and protect him from curses
C.they are the soul of a real and powerful piece of writing
D.they can effectively stop the trend towards the end of man
3. How can poets / writers help man endure and prevail?
A.By inspiring man with his past glories through words.
B.By helping man endure the end through endless voices.
C.By recording sympathy, sacrifice and endurance in his soul.
D.By building spiritual pillars through immortal hearts.
4. The speaker may probably agree that ______.
A.the award was not fair because his life was too painful
B.young writers now are too fearful to bear the agony and sweat
C.the biggest obstacle to good writing is the writer’s fear
D.writing about man’s soul signals his final prevalence
智能选题,一键自动生成优质试卷~

5 . A gaming company in New Zealand is luring employees. from around the world by offering unlimited paid annual leave, a share in the company’s profits and no set work hours.

Dean Hall became famous in international gaming circles for being the lead designer on popular video game DayZ. After searching the world for a location for his new gaming studio, Rocketwerkz, New Zealander Hall settled on the small university town of Dunedin on the south island’s east coast, where land is cheap and creative start-ups have become an important pan of the city’s identity.

Rocketwerkz’s flexible work culture is now drawing talent from around the globe, with Hall receiving 300 messages of inquiry since a local newspaper wrote about his studio last week.

Last year, when the company was still in its infancy(婴儿期), baby cats would also make a regular appearance in the office as a form of fighting stress, and Friday afternoons are generally reserved for sports and games to end the week on a playful note.

“The first time I heard about the idea of unlimited paid leave in places like Silicon Valley it was about the problems it caused. A culture had appeared where employees took no leave,” said Hall.

“So to address that, our staff are issued the standard New Zealand annual leave of four weeks, but they can also take unlimited leave in addition to that.”

Emily Lampitt, from Britain, is a 3D junior artist who has been with the company for a year and a half. She says the flexible work culture was a huge factor in her decision to move to New Zealand.

“The flexibility here has made me feel much more relaxed” she says. I “That internal stress I used to feel in a traditional work environment has gone, so when I am at work now it is because I want to be, because I am passionate(有激情的), not because I am afraid of my boss or watching the clock.”

1. The underlined word “luring” in Paragraph I is closest in meaning to      .
A.cheatingB.disturbing
C.inspiringD.attracting
2. Why are baby cats mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A.To show the company focuses on pressure relief.
B.To explain how the company motivates its staff.
C.To stress the significance of harmony in workplaces.
D.To introduce a new way to promote creativity
3. According to the passage, unlimited paid leave in Silicon Valley      .
A.set a good example to Rochetwerkz.
B.didn’t work out as expected.
C.helped develop the local culture.
D.solved the problem of unemployment.
4. What is the writing purpose of the above text?
A.To encourage companies to be more flexible.
B.To describe what a creative company should be like.
C.To give a report on the flexible management of a company.
D.To discuss how to make a traditional company more competitive.
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