1 . It is generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and attitudes.They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment.They pay $5 for a caramel brulee latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.
It’s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner character,but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are,as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern.By observing our own behavior,we can be strangers to ourselves.If we knew our own minds,why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book,we would know exactly how much we care about the environment or like lattes.Actually,we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.
Moreover,we don’t just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters that weren’t there before.Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us,which we fail to recognize.Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn’t.Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the people around us.We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner character.
Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make,people become what they do,though it may not be in compliance with their true desires.Therefore,we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut’s advice:“We are what we pretend to be,so we must be careful about what we pretend to be.”
1. According to the text,personalities and attitudes ______.| A．result from one’s habits |
| B．affect one’s surroundings |
| C．reflect one’s taste |
| D．determine one’s behavior |
| A．The return of a wallet can indicate one’s honesty. |
| B．A kind person will offer his seat to senior citizens. |
| C．One recycles plastics to reduce the carbon footprints. |
| D．One buys latte due to his deep affection for coffee. |
| A．Harmony. | B．Challenge. |
| C．Strength. | D．Memory. |
| A．Preferences and habits. |
| B．Behavior and personalities. |
| C．Attitudes and preferences. |
| D．Personalities and attitudes. |
2 . One recent night， while I was leafing through its pages of an old journal， my eyes met a quote by the British writer Graham Greene that I had marked， “A prejudice had something in common with an ideal.”In other words， ideals—general descriptions of people's expectations of themselves and others—can often lead us to unreasonable ideas.It got me thinking about how we often allow ourselves to generalize about groups of people.We like to stereotype people by the color of their skin， the year of their birth or any other related factors.
I grew up in a multi-racial corner of America.The different groups were often subject to narrow stereotypes：Jewish people were“greedy”， Mexicans were“poorly educated”， and Asians were“good at math”.These labels were taught to us from a young age.They wormed their way into our belief systems， harming how we came to see others.It made me sad growing up to see people repeat these stereotypes as if they were true.The rush-to judgment of people breeds a culture of discrimination.
You can also see these over-generalized descriptions being made against today's Chinese people.Whether it be a lack of interest or worry among mile millennial being described as “monkish”， or“dad-fashion”which has given the“greasy middle-aged men”tag.stereotypes always seem to gain a foothold in the consciousness of our society.But these generalizations do real harm as these myths may become part of the wider population.
It's about time that we， as a society， walked away from generalizations and stereotypes.I leave you with the words of Martin Luther King Jr.from his famous“I Have a Dream”speech：“T look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin， but by the content of their character.”By reserving judgment and really getting to know the individual you might just find your irrational ideas have no foundation.
1. According to the passage， how do people tend to judge others?| A．By describing people's personalities. |
| B．By truly getting to know those around. |
| C．By observing their noticeable features. |
| D．By following Martin Luther King's speech. |
| A．generalizations have unfavorable position in society |
| B．generalizations have a negative influence on our society |
| C．generalizations are found peculiar to the middle-age Chinese |
| D．generalizations make today's Chinese people lack interest or worry |
| A．the common prejudice |
| B．people's expectation of themselves |
| C．the groundless worries |
| D．the famous speech of Martin Luther King Jr. |
3 . Having hundreds of friends online is no substitute for a handful of close friends in real life. Researchers discovered that people with only a few friends were at least as happy as those with far more if many of theirs were online. The number of ''peripheral others'', someone connected with online — former classmates and coworkers, for example — had no connection with how satisfied they felt.
Scientists did their study using data from two online surveys conducted on 1,496 people by a non-profit research organization. People taking part in the study revealed their ages, the make-up of their social networks, how often they had different types of social interactions, and their own feelings of well-being. They included details of how often and how they interacted with family or neighbours, and whether they included people who provided services for them in their networks. The number of close friends someone had was the only thing that influenced how satisfied they were with their social life.
''Loneliness has less to do with the number of friends you have, and more to do with how you feel about your friends,'' said Dr Bruine, an expert of the study. ''If you feel lonely, it may be more helpful to make a positive connection with a friend than to try and seek out new people to meet.''
In the study, they found older people tended to have smaller social networks. Younger people's were larger but this was mostly made up of ''peripheral others'' — not true friends, just people they knew — and did not contribute to their happiness.
Even variations in the number of family members or neighbours somebody spent time with did not affect how happy they were with their social life. Dr Bruine said her research echoed other findings showing people would be happier if a larger proportion of their online friends were actually their friends in reality.
She added, ''Stereotypes of aging tend to paint older adults in many cultures as sad and lonely. But the research shows that older adults' smaller networks didn't weaken social satisfaction and well-being. In fact, older adults tend to report better well-being than younger adults.''
1. What has a good influence on one's happiness according to the study?| A．Having impersonal networks of friends. |
| B．Meeting with close friends face to face. |
| C．Helping familiar coworkers. |
| D．Keeping in touch with family members online. |
| A．Keep off using the Internet. |
| B．Show their attitudes to happiness. |
| C．Reveal their social life thoroughly. |
| D．Find ''peripheral others'' from their friends. |
| A．Parents living with their children. |
| B．Older adults with fewer friends online. |
| C．Those having fewer relatives or neighbours. |
| D．Young people without friends in reality. |
| A．treat | B．draw |
| C．describe | D．criticize |
4 . What kind of amusing activities will you participate in during your life? Will you be spending your free time doing safe sports with little danger or will you always be one of the first people to try the next popular extreme activity? Scientists have been interested in finding out why some people seem to prefer dangerous activities.
Although there are exceptions, researchers have found that in most cases men are less cautious than women. Men often try to impress women by proving that they are courageous and fearless, and they are more likely to take risks when women are watching them or when they are competing against other men.
Research also shows that as people get older they usually behave more responsibly and avoid taking unnecessary risks. In addition, when people are in stable relationships, they seem to be less attracted to daring activities.
Some people seem to be more daring than others, but there are many different types of risks and some people take one type of risk, but not another Psychologists have identified a number of categories of risk. These include financial risks, risks related to health and safety, amusing risks and social risks. Psychologists discover that some people will take risks in one area, but not in another. Just if a person enjoys bungee (蹦极) jumping, it doesn't mean he or she will take chances when investing (投资) money or that he will tell a joke to a group of strangers.
Interestingly, research shows that women take more social risks than men. They are more likely to make career changes as they get older and to express unpopular opinions in business meetings.
Yet, at the end of the day, the likelihood of particular people taking a risk depends on their personalities. In general, optimistic people are more likely to take risks because they focus on the possible positive outcomes of their actions. On the other hand, those with opposite personality are much more likely to avoid taking a chance.
1. What have researchers discovered about women?| A．They are always changing jobs. | B．They are good at doing business. |
| C．They are more willing to take risks. | D．They are more conservative than men. |
| A．To attract women to watch them. | B．To have favorable effects on women. |
| C．To announce risks are too dangerous. | D．To show their strength to the competitor. |
| A．The potential consequences. | B．Their characters. |
| C．Their problems of finance. | D．The focuses of their work. |
| A．People's sense of taking risks. | B．Risks at people's different ages. |
| C．Different types of people's risks. | D．Risks between men and women. |
5 . We spend 40 hours of our adult lives a week working, not including the time to and from the office. So it’s no surprise we become really good friends with our colleagues. We spend most of our time with them, after all. But times have changed and the way we talk to one another is ever-developing.
Now, many companies have internal instant messaging systems so that there’s less need to get up and walk round to speak to our colleagues. Emails fly around with numerous teams copied in, so everyone is in the loop (圈子). But what is the value of face-to-face conversation in the workplace?
New Zealand’s most admired wine brand. Villa Maria, knows the importance of conversation and how good communication can help strengthen a business from the inside out. Its newly launched campaign, called the Value of Conversation, explores what British people value the most about a face-to-face chat and how engaging with each other in person can make a difference in all areas of their lives.
Although nearly 1 in 5 British people find a quick email more efficient in their work, they still value the importance of speaking to their colleagues in real life and hearing their ideas, taking away any uncertainty and giving the opportunity for discussion. This is perhaps why, despite mostly preferring emails, nearly three-quarters of British people believe that speaking to people directly leads to better communication and improving work results.
Obviously, 85% of the people at the age of 18-24 believe that if someone is positive and confident during face-to-face conversations, it’s an indicator that they’re good at their job. So perhaps putting in a little extra effort to face-to-face conversations will pay dividends. If having a conversation in person could help you keep a pay rise, then it’ll be worth.
1. What makes the ways of the communication among office colleagues change?| A．The order from their bosses. | B．The laziness of the colleagues |
| C．The convenience of using emails. | D．The preference to doing work alone. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Positive. |
| C．Negative. | D．Sympathetic. |
| A．It can improve the relationship with others. |
| B．It can save them much time. |
| C．It can make people communicate more easily than sending emails. |
| D．It can contribute to better communication and improving work results. |
| A．Get rewards. | B．Pay salaries. |
| C．Learn lessons. | D．End relationships. |
1. 简述事件经过；
2. 表达谢意。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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A light knock on the door brought me from my kitchen. Because we had just moved into the neighbourhood, I couldn’t imagine who it would be. Opening the door, an old man stood there, who was dressed in dirty clothing and wearing dirty rubber boots. His hand hung a plastic bag.
“Can I help you?” I asked.
“Would you like to buy some fresh garden vegetables?” His blue eyes were hopeful.
“Are they from your garden?” I looked inside his plastic bag and saw some carrots with soil.
“Yes,” His voice was soft. “And I can get some apples from a tree in my yard. Would you like some of those, too?”
My heart softened, and I wondered if he is badly in need of the bit of money. With a sigh, I said, “Please step inside and I’ll get my money.”
The next day, he knocked at our door again. This time, my little four-year-old daughter got there first. “Oh, hello. Would you like to come in for tea?" Without a second thought, the old man stepped inside and held out a broken basket with several bruised (擦伤的)apples. “From my tree,” he said, removing a worn cap. “You might like to make a pie. ”
The three of us sat at the kitchen table and drank our tea. It was obvious that my daughter liked hosting a visitor in her never-ending questions. “What is your name? Where do you live? Why are your clothes so dirty?”
The homeless-looking man laughed as he answered each question. His name was Mr. Locket and he lived around the corner. His wife had passed away several years before, and his children all lived far away. He was lonely. His need for company had sent him door to door selling fruit and vegetables. Ours was the only door opened to him that day.
注意：1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2.应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已经为你写好；
4.续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1:
When he finished the tea, he said he had to go home and promised to return the next day.
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Paragraph 2：
Several years later, a small envelope was delivered to our home—a letter from the old mans daughter.
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8 . My wife and I were at a crowded grocery store not long ago. It was a weekday evening, cold and wet and tense. People were carelessly blocking aisles, complaining and cutting one another off with their carts. At one point, two women quarreled for several minutes after colliding in the freezer section.
Things got worse at the checkout line.The cashier scanned a man's discount card, but he misread the savings on her screen as an additional charge. He decided she was acting intentionally and began to argue.
Other customers looked away as the cashier tried to reason with him. She called a manager, who took him to customer service. Shaken , she moved to the next customer in line.
We’ve all witnessed uncomfortable scenes like this in public places. My reaction when I see them is both personal and professional. I am a data analyst and sociologist who studies how and why people interact with one another--or why they choose not to. To me, the grocery scene was another example of how our trust in others has faded. But it was also a teachable moment on how we can rebuild our faith — starting with just one person.
Therefore, my wife and I reached the disturbed cashier. I grabbed a bottle of water from a nearby cooler and handed it to her. We learned her name was Beth.
“We felt bad about how that man treated you and wanted to buy this for you.” I said.
Beth’s face lit up, and we talked as she scanned our items.She told us she had been working that evening through severe foot pain and would be having surgery later that week. We wished her well in her recovery, and she thanked us as we left.
That is the balancing act, the moment of countering social and emotional pain with healing, that will add up to restore trust across the United States. You can start that pattern in someone else's life , even in a place as ordinary as the neighborhood grocery store.
1. By describing the arguments, the author wants to show__________.| A．the job as a cashier is not easy. | B．people in the U.S are unfriendly. |
| C．arguments in public are very common. | D．confidence in each other has worn off. |
| A．Sad and regretful. | B．Sorry and wronged. |
| C．Cheerful and rewarded. | D．Grateful and relieved. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Optimistic. |
| C．Uncaring | D．Cautious |
| A．A Miserable Cashier. | B．A Helping Hand. |
| C．Learning to Trust Again. | D．Starting a new life. |
1.
| A．Experts who specialize in preventing natural disasters. |
| B．People trained to respond to medical emergencies. |
| C．Super heroes devoted to defending the earth. |
| D．Doctors and nurses who provide medical services. |
| A．Decent and promising. | B．Busy but secure. |
| C．Tough and stressful. | D．Demanding but well-paid. |
| A．Passing a physical training program. | B．Getting a certificate in CPR (心肺复苏术). |
| C．Possessing a medical school diploma. | D．Keeping calm in any situation. |
1.
| A．18-26. | B．27-35. | C．36-45. | D．46-55. |
| A．Jogging. | B．Swimming. | C．Tennis. | D．Cycling. |
| A．Launch a new promotion campaign. | B．Carry out another survey. |
| C．Increase the production of athletic shoes. | D．Hold more athletic competitions. |
| A．Make products more appealing. | B．Follow the trend. |
| C．Focus on fitness business. | D．Target older customers. |
