1 . Many years ago I drove a taxi for extra money. I drove mainly from the downtown to the ____, beside the Greenwood Racetrack which was in operation at that time.
Each time a taxi drove up to the station, many kids would run along the ____ to the passenger door. One ____ kid would open the passenger door and say, “____, sir.” The passenger would always say thanks and give the kid a ____ on his way from the taxi to the entrance of the track. It was a routine that everybody knew.
One day I noticed a boy, who was ____ than most of them but was pushed away by even the smallest kid. He never pushed back. ____, he would even step aside when others pushed forward. But he never ____
Then one morning as I was ____ to the sidewalk, all the other kids were running after a taxi ____ mine. They didn’t notice mine.
The boy saw me and walked toward my taxi. As I pulled up I made sure that I stopped in a ____ with the passenger door right beside him. He ____ the passenger door with a flourish(夸张动作) and said, “Good luck at the track, sir.”
____, the man did not tip him a quarter. Instead he ____, “Get out of my way!” He pushed him aside so ____ that the boy fell on the sidewalk and I knew he was badly hurt. I got out of my car quickly ____ find that the man disappeared in the crowd.
So I looked for the kid. I decided to give him $20 for all his ____ But he was far up ahead, walking out of the station ____ The traffic policeman waved at me to get my car going. ____, I never saw him again. I’d like to find him one day and tell him that if only he had stuck around a little longer I would have given him a whole $20.
I learned an important lesson from the boy. When things seem so ____ that you are ready to give up, that is the time when things are most likely to turn around for you.1.

A．school

B．station

C．office

D．hospital

2.

A．sidewalk

B．way

C．track

D．step

3.

A．strong

B．tall

C．lucky

D．active

4.

A．Stop

B．Welcome

C．Help

D．Good luck

5.

A．smile

B．tip

C．hug

D．prize

6.

A．short

B．bigger

C．weaker

D．smarter

7.

A．In fact

B．In general

C．In total

D．In case

8.

A．gave in

B．gave away

C．gave up

D．gave off

9.

A．pushing up

B．speeding up

C．keeping up

D．pulling up

10.

A．above

B．beside

C．in front of

D．over

11.

A．position

B．car

C．tree

D．situation

12.

A．closed

B．opened

C．kicked

D．knocked

13.

A．Therefore

B．So

C．However

D．Then

14.

A．smiled

B．wept

C．advised

D．shouted

15.

A．hard

B．softly

C．sweetly

D．slowly

16.

A．and to

B．but to

C．only to

D．so as to

17.

A．strength

B．efforts

C．courage

D．work

18.

A．nervously

B．anxiously

C．madly

D．silently

19.

A．So far

B．From then on

C．Once more

D．Just then

20.

A．unavoidable

B．poor

C．hopeless

D．challenging

2 . “Confidence” is probably one of the most noticeable traits (品质) in the Americans. They show confidence in the way they talk, the way they smile, the way they dress and the way they walk. Living and competing with all these confident American students, I find it extremely important to be confident as an international student and instructor. As a student, being confident means you should never hesitate to raise your hand whenever a question or a point comes to your mind. Don't mind if it sounds simple or silly. Otherwise you will never get a chance to speak in class at all. What's worse, the professors may think you are not prepared for the discussion or you do not have your own opinion on the issue—this is the last comment any graduate would like to receive.
Being confident for me as a foreign instructor means calmly asking the student to repeat what he or she has said if I did not get it. Pretending to understand what you actually did not may just bring yourself embarrassment or even disgrace. But the time I most need to be confident is when my students come to my office and bargain about the grades I have given for their speeches. (The course I'm teaching here is Public speaking). Modesty is a trait highly valued in China, but it won't be of much help here if you want to survive and succeed in a good American graduate program.
1. To compete with American students it's very important to     .

A．be quite confident

B．be polite and friendly

C．have more discussions with them

D．understand what they think about

2. A professor will have the worst opinion of a student who     .

A．gives a silly or simple answer

B．tries to seize any chance to speak in class

C．shows no interest in the course

D．is considered to have no opinion of his own

3. The author is most likely to feel embarrassed if       .

A．he asks a student to repeat what he has said

B．the students bargain with him

C．he pretends to know what he doesn't

D．he has to give a speech

4. We learn from the second paragraph that       .

A．we should also remain modest in America

B．modesty doesn't help you much in America

C．Americans also like modest people

D．modesty can help you through an American graduate program

5. What can we infer from the passage?

A．American students are ready to accept the grades from the teacher.

B．The writer teaches in Europe for a living.

C．Students are encouraged to present simple questions.

D．One’s ignorance will give away in time.

3 . Peter，Helen，Catherine，Elizabeth和Levin想根据各自在环保方面的兴趣进行案例研究。阅读下面某杂志的专题报道摘要(A、B、C、D、E和F)，选出适合他们研究的最佳案例，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。
    1    Peter: Reducing plastic and other wastes through DIY
    2    Helen: Making use of the heavy traffic to produce electricity
    3    Catherine: Building a community without private cars
    4    Elizabeth: Building houses with recycled materials and energy-efficiency systems
    5    Levin: Developing a new type of urban car which burns less gas

A	B
Vauban We know cars are terrible polluters, but would you give yours up? Vauban, a community in southwestern Germany, did just that, and its 5,000 citizens are doing fine. Most streets are free of vehicles, and there are generous green spaces and good public-transport links, including fast buses and bicycle paths. When people must drive, they can turn to car-sharing clubs. “All the citizens had the chance to plan their own city,” says Andreas Delleke, an energy expert, “and it's just how we wanted it to be.”	Denmark During the period of gas shortage in the early 70s, Denmark decided to become self-sufficient ( 自足). So they began a few projects making smart investments along the way. On the island of Samsoe, local families, fishermen and farmers bought wind turbines (涡轮机) to produce their own energy. Within seven years these turbines were completely paid for. And can you believe just one of wind turbines produces enough electricity for 600 households?
C	D
Trey Parker and Matt Stone Trey Parker and Matt Stone, creators of South Park, have built a sustainable castle with outer siding and inner flooring of recycled wood, recycled carpeting, high-efficiency boiler systems. “I think more and more today, people are willing to make a statement about the Earth and how they want to protect it,” Michael Rath, home designer and builder says. "For high-end homes in this valley, this is entirely consistent with what they cost."	P-NUT Who doesn't love the name P-NUT—short for Personal-Neo Urban Transport? It's Honda's latest attempt to create a tiny footprint for a new urban vehicle. This little P-NUT is unique. With a central driving position, the car is designed to move in tight settings. The 11-foot micro car will seat three with two rear-seat passengers behind the driver. “The P-NUT concept explores the packaging and design potential for a vehicle designed for the city lifestyle,” said Dave Marek, a Honda design Spokesman.
E	F
Israel Company Is it possible that annoying rush hour traffic could become a source of renewable energy? Israel's Technion Institute of Technology claims that if we placed special generators ( 发电机 ) under roads, railways, and runways—we could harvest enough energy to mass-produce electricity. A trial process has been used on a smaller scale, in dance clubs for instance, where the pounding feet of dancers light up the floor. "We can produce electricity anywhere there is a busy road using energy that normally goes to waste," said Uri Amit, chairman of Israel's Technion Institute of Technology.	Coffee Coffee. Some of us can't start our day without it, and we don't mind waiting 10 minutes in line for it. Here is the most effective tip to make you a superstar in environment protection. Get a coffee machine for your home or office, or persuade your company into buying one. (Tell them it will improve productivity. ) Skip the coffee line on the way to work and make something that is better-tasting and much better for your wallet. Plus, you won't need those plastic cups or carrying cases that just get thrown away. Better yet, use your favorite travel mug.

4 . Once there was a huge apple tree．A little boy loved to come and play around it every day．He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him．
Time went by…the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree every day．One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad．“Come and play with me,” the tree asked the boy．“I’m no longer a kid．I wouldn’t play around the tree any more.” the boy replied．“I want toys．I need money to buy them.” “Sorry, I don’t have money．But you can pick all my apples and sell them．So, you will have money.” The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily．The boy never came back after he picked the apples．
One day, the boy returned and the tree was so excited, “Come and play with me,” the tree said．“I don’t have time to play．I have to work for my family．We need a house for shelter．Can you help?” “Sorry, I don’t have a house．But you can cut off my branches to build your house.” So the boy cut all the branches off the tree and left happily．The tree was glad to see him happy but the boy never came back since then．The tree was again lonely and sad．
One hot summer day, the boy returned and the tree was pleased．“Come and play with me!” the tree said．“I am sad and getting old．I want to go sailing to relax myself．Can you give me a boat?” “Use my trunk to build your boat．You can sail far away and be happy.” So the boy cut the tree trunk to make a boat．He went sailing and never showed up for a long time．
Finally, the boy returned after he left for so many years．“Sorry, my boy．But I don’t have anything for you any more．The only thing left is my dying root,” the tree said with tears ①.
“Good! Old tree root is the best place to lean on and rest．Come and sit down with me and rest.” The boy sat down and the tree was glad and smiled with tears ② …
1. ----Why did the boy pick all the apples on the tree?
----Because __________．

A．he wanted to eat them

B．he needed money to buy toys

C．he liked the tree without apples

D．he wanted to share them with friends

2. ----When did the boy come back to the apple tree?
----He came back _________．

A．whenever he was happy

B．if he missed the apple tree

C．when he was in times of difficulty

D．as soon as he was free

3. ----What did the boy want at last?
----He wanted ___________．

A．to have a house to live in

B．nothing except a place to rest

C．the root of the apple tree

D．anything that the apple tree had

4. ----What can we learn from the story?
----We should _________．

A．plant more apple trees

B．learn from the boy

C．always stay at home

D．be thankful to our parents

5. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A．The phrase “with tears ①” means that the apple tree was sad because the boy asked for too much．

B．The phrase “with tears ②” means that the apple tree was still happy because she could help the boy for the last time．

C．Each time the boy asked the apple tree for help, the tree tried her best to satisfy him.

D．After reading the passage, we can easily think of the old Chinese saying “Parents’ love is universal!”

5 . Dear Ms．Smith，
It is with great interest and enthusiasm that I am applying for the arts education internship (实习)advertised in Sunday’s New York Times．This position is exactly what I am looking for and an ideal opportunity for me to use my knowledge，educational background，and experience．
My arts education at Pratt Institute has helped me develop a firm foundation in the arts．The courses I have completed at Pratt，along with my study abroad in Paris，has prepared me well for a position in arts education．I have always enjoyed a passion for the arts but my undergraduate (本科)education has taken my interest to a whole new level．I not only enjoy doing art but I find myself even more enthusiastic when I have the opportunity to teach what I have learned．
For the past two summers I have worked directly with children at CityArts．These experiences were amazing since my responsibilities included planning and directing major projects that were planned for the summer program that goes on each year for local children interested in the arts．I was given a concept at the beginning of each summer and I had complete control of how the projects were to be completed．The children were the creative force and often were the inspiration for the artwork that was eventually presented to the public．
I am very excited about the summer opportunity with the Children’s Museum of the Arts since I know that I can definitely make a positive contribution while doing what I love，teaching art to children．I will contact you in one week to discuss my candidacy(候选资格)and see if you have any questions about my education or experience．Thank you for your time and consideration．
Sincerely，
Samantha R．Gray
1. What is Gray’s purpose of writing this letter?

A．To advertise for herself in New York Times．

B．To show her great enthusiasm for CityArts．

C．To obtain the chance of teaching art to children．

D．To prove her successful educational experiences．

2. Paragraph 2 mainly tells us that _______________．

A．Gray tries to find chance to devote her rich art knowledge to children

B．Gray has gotten her undergraduate education at college in Paris

C．Gray had given up the art courses at Pratt Institute and left for Paris

D．the education Gray has received makes her optimistic about the opportunity

3. Which of the following isn’t mentioned by Gray in Paragraph 3？

A．Her management ability．

B．Her family background．

C．Her love for children．

D．Her working experience．

6 . The power of humor and laughter is numerous. They entertain us and make us feel good. But, above all, we have discovered that humor and laughter are the best medicine. They relieve pain, reduce stress and anxiety, and are anti-aging and longevity facilitators.
They are extremely necessary for helping us to find and maintain a balance between life and work. However, they are slipping away from us. We have become far too serious. The only ones who still enjoy humor, laughter, fun and play to the fullest are young children. Children tend to laugh an average of 200 times a day. For adults, however, it is a totally different story.
In the 1950s people laughed on average 18 times a day. Today, we are lucky if we average between 4-6 times a day.
As a matter of fact, a recent study found that people laugh 6 more times in the presence of one person but 30 more times in a group of people. You can get a chuckle(咯咯笑) from jokes you get on the Internet, but it is not the same as belly jiggling laughter (a deep laugh) you get when you interact with others.
Socializing with friends and relatives was much looked forward to. However, this is no longer the case. In fact, the majority of people can hardly find time, nor do they have the inclination towards socializing outside home. They turn to electronic media such as television, computers, the Internet, videos, CDs, and audio equipment, which can provide them with instant self-entertainment at the push of a button.
The workplace does not fare(进展) much better. Due to the pressures to produce more in the same or fewer hours available and to compete, for example, in a manufacturing field with cheaper labor elsewhere in the world, humor and laughter in the workplace have gradually eroded（逐渐毁坏） away.
I have developed a real appreciation, perhaps closer to a strong desire for the power of humor and laughter. This encouraged me to write my first book titled “The Power of Humor” and subsequently my second book titled “Kids Say the Goggonest Things” based on the natural humor, laughter, play and fun that kids experience and they freely share with parents, grandparents and teachers.
From writing about humor and laughter, people start to ask me to speak up for them. To date, I have developed a number of humor-laughter topics that I use in my keynote presentations. You are invited to subscribe to my free monthly e-magazine “The Humormeister’s Forum” by clicking on the Free Humor E-zine navigation button on the website.
1. According to the author, laughter is leaving us partly because ________.

A．we treat everything in a serious way

B．it relieves pain, reduces stress and anxiety

C．we fail to maintain balance between life and work

D．the pace of change in our lives is becoming faster

2. The fourth paragraph mainly tells us that ________.

A．getting a deep laugh nowadays is difficult

B．we can entertain ourselves with the help of the Internet

C．people laugh more heartily when spending time with others

D．researchers have made a new discovery about the effect of laughter

3. The underlined word “inclination” in Paragraph 5 most probably means “________”.

A．destination	B．tendency
C．attitude	D．approach

4. Which of the following articles can we most probably find in “The Humormeister’s Forum”?

A．The power of honesty.

B．Don’t be your own worst enemy.

C．Live life purposefully: The relationship within.

D．Funny Christmas stories to share with your loved ones.

7 . Recently,CCTV journalists have approached pedestrians with their cameras，held a       microphone to their mouth and asked a simple question :“Are you happy?”
The question has caught many interviewees off guard．Even Mo Yan who recently won a       Nobel Prize，responded by saying：“I don’t know”．
While the question has become a buzz phrase and the Internet plays host to heated       discussions，we ask：What exactly is happiness ?And how do you measure it?
In the 1776 US Declaration of Independence，Thomas Jefferson set in writing the people’s unalienable right to“Life，Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”．Last year，235 years on，China’s Premier Wen Jiabao told the nation：“Everything we do is aimed at letting people live more happily．”At last year’s National People’s Congress，officials agreed that increasing happiness would be a top target for the 12^th five-year plan．
US psychologist Ed Diener, author of Happiness：Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth describes happiness as “a combination of life satisfaction and having more positive than negative emotions”，according to US broadcasting network PBS．This may sound straight forward enough，but it still doesn’t explain what determines people’s happiness．
Many argue that happiness is elusive and that there is no single source．It also means different things to different people．For some，happiness can be as simple as having enough cash.
Researchers believe happiness can be separated into two types：daily experiences of       hedonic(享乐的)well-being；and evaluative well-being, the way people think about their lives as a whole．The former refers to the quality of living，whereas the latter is about overall happiness，including life gods and achievement．Happiness can cross both dimensions.
Li Jun，a psychologist and mental therapy practitioner at a Beijing clinic，says：“Happiness       can mean both the most basic human satisfaction or the highest level of spiritual pursuit. It’ s a simple yet profound topic .”
Chen Shangyuan，21，a junior English major at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，said his idea of happiness always evolves．“At present it relates to how productive I am in a day,”he said．“It might be linked to job security or leisure time after I graduate．”
Then there is the question of measuring happiness．Does it depend on how many friends we have，or whether we own the latest smart phone? Is it even quantifiable?
Economists are trying to measure happiness in people’s lives．Since 1972，Bhutan’s GDP       measurement has been,replaced by a Gross National Happiness index．It is calculated according to the peoples’sense of being well-governed，their relationship with the environment，their       satisfaction with economic development,and their sense of national belonging．
In 2009，US economist Joseph Stiglitz proposed “to shift emphasis from measuring economic   production to measuring people’s well-being”.But is well-being more easily measured?
1. From what Thomas Jefferson and Wen Jiabao mentioned in the passage，we know_______．

A．people’s happiness is determined by great people

B．people’s happiness is an important target for the development of a country

C．people in all countries have the right to ask the government for a happy life

D．People both in China and America are living a happy life

2. According to the passage，the writer may most likely agree that_____．

A．CCTV journalists are concerned about people’s happiness out of sympathy．

B．the question has led to heated discussions about who are the happiest people in China，

C．Bhutan’s new index shows that people there are the happiest in the world

D．it is not easy for us to decide what determines people’s happiness

3. What does the underlined word“elusive”in the sixth paragraph mean?

A．Available．	B．Easy to get．
C．Hard to understand．	D．Accessible．

4. The best title of the passage is____

A．Are You Happy?	B．The Measurement of Happiness
C．GDP and Happiness	D．The Secret of Happiness

8 . ohn Cruitt, 62, spent decades tracking down his third- grade teacher.
He wanted to talk with Cecile Doyle about 1958--- the year his mother, who was seriously ill, passed away.
Her death came just days before Christmas. Cruitt had been expecting to go home from school and decorate the Christmas tree.
“When I found out she died, I could certainly relate to that, because when I was 11, my own father died,” Doyle tells Cruitt at StoryCorps in Monroe, N.Y. “And you just don’t know how you’re going to go on without that person.”
When Cruitt returned to school, Doyle waited until all of the other children left the room at the end of the day, and told him that she was there if he needed her.
“Then you kissed me on the head,” Cruitt says. “And I felt that things really would be OK.”
“Well, Cruitt, I’m so glad that I could be there with you for that time,” says Doyle, 82.
Decades after his mother’s death, Cruitt began to think more and more of Doyle. He finally wrote a letter:
Dear Mrs. Doyle,
If you are not the Cecile Doyle who taught English at Emerson School in Kearny, N.J., then I’m embarrassed, and you can disregard the letter.
My name is John Cruitt, and I was in your third- grade class during the 1958-1959 school year. Two days before Christmas, my mother passed away, and you told me that you were there if I needed you. I hope life has been as kind to you as you were to me.
God bless you.
John Cruitt
Doyle says his letter, which arrived in February, could not have come at a better time. Her husband, who passed away this August, was struggling with Parkinson’s disease.
“And I had just come home from the hospital, and I read this beautiful letter, and I just was overwhelmed,” she says.
“Well the funny thing is, when I finally wrote to you again after 54 years, I typed the letter--- I was afraid my penmanship wasn’t going to meet your standards,” Cruitt says as Doyle laughs.
“John, what can I say--- I’m just glad that we made a difference in each other’s life.”
1. After Cruitt’s mother’s death, ________.

A．Cruitt totally relied on his father

B．Doyle’s words brought him comfort

C．Cruitt didn’t go to school regularly

D．Doyle asked his classmates to help him

2. Before Cruitt wrote the letter, he______.

A．knew Doyle’s husband had passed away

B．believed Doyle was leading a happy life

C．considered it embarrassing to write to Doyle

D．was unsure whether Doyle could receive the letter

3. Doyle believed the letter_____.

A．was a belated gift

B．came at just the right time

C．lifted her confidence greatly

D．served as a reminder of her husband

4. Why did Cruitt type the letter?

A．Doyle had taught him typing.

B．He was better at typing than writing.

C．Doyle would be able to read it without difficulty.

D．He was afraid Doyle would be dissatisfied with his writing.

9 . Many people go to work each day to a job they hate. The harmful feelings influence their entire life, putting a negative cloud over the home, their friends and many of their other activities. There is a better way to live your life. Meaningful purpose is a driving force that adds enthusiasm to your days. Here are a few steps to get the new career rolling:

Do some self-analysis. Ask yourself --- What really matters to me? What problem or wrong would I like to fix? What do I enjoy? Where are my interests and hobbies? What are my strengths? What is my secret passion(激情)? What do I want to do with the rest of my life? Reviewing these questions can give you new insight to where you want to go.

Use your unique genius and talents. Every person is born with a unique set of natural abilities. Talents, such as managing, creating, researching, training others, drawing, can all seem like easy work because you have a natural flair（才能）for them. True happiness comes from combining your natural talents, developing and excelling(胜过) in them, and working in a field, job, industry that you have a passionate interest in.

Make a decision. Only action can change your life. Read a book. Take vocational tests. Use a good career-management professional. Do some career exploration and gather all the information you need. Then make a decision and go forward. Outline the action steps to reach your career goal. Finding meaning, passion and purpose every day you go to work is the wonderful reward, so don’t wait any longer. Begin right now and set in motion your own plan to live a happier, more satisfying life.

1. Which is the best title of the passage?

A．Do not Hate Your Job Any Longer.

B．Steps on How to Live Happily and Comfortably

C．Suggestions on How to Build a More Meaningful Career

D．Find Out Your Natural Talents and Make a Success.

2. According to the passage, by analyzing ourselves, we can _____.

A．know the true meaning of our life

B．understand better about the career we want

C．find out our own unique genius and talents

D．improve relations with our family and friends

3. According to the passage, it’s easier to make success in the work which we _____.

A．have much experience at

B．have professional knowledge about

C．have been performing for a long time

D．have a natural talent for

4. The purpose in writing this passage is to _____.

A．direct people to choose their career

B．reveal some wrong-doings at work

C．give some solutions to deal with troubles at work

D．persuade people to work hard to make a happier life

10 . When Edison invented the light bulb, he tried over 2000 experiments ____ he got it to work. A young reporter asked him how it felt to ____ so many times. He said, "I never failed once. I invented the light bulb. It just ____ to be a 2000-step process."
Rudolph was born prematurely (早产) and her ____ was doubtful. At age 4, she had a high fever, ____ her with a paralyzed leg. At age 9, she removed the metal leg brace she had ____ on and began to walk without it. By 13 she had developed a rhythmic walk, which doctors said was a ____ For the next few years she ____ one race after another but always came in last. Everyone told her to____, but she kept on running. One day she actually won a race. And then another. ____ this little girl, who was told she would never walk again, went on to win three Olympic gold medals.
When Bell invented the telephone in 1876, President Rutherford said, "That's an ____ invention, but who would ever want to use one of them?" In the 1940s, another young ____ named Carlson took his idea to 20 corporations, ____ some of the biggest in the country. They all turned him down. In 1947 — after seven long years of rejections! - He ____ got a tiny company in New York, the Haloid Company, to ____ the rights to his invention. Haloid became Xerox Corporation we know today.
Character cannot be ____ in ease and quiet. Only ____ experiences of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success ____ You gain strength, experience and confidence by every experience ____ you really stop to look fear in the face.... You must do the thing you cannot do. And remember, the finest steel gets sent through the hottest furnace（熔炉）. A ____ is not one who never fails, but one who NEVER QUITS!1.

A．after

B．before

C．since

D．until

2.

A．win

B．gain

C．fail

D．lose

3.

A．seemed

B．pretended

C．appeared

D．happened

4.

A．survival

B．challenge

C．rescue

D．illness

5.

A．making

B．leaving

C．reaching

D．causing

6.

A．depended

B．supported

C．trusted

D．believed

7.

A．success

B．achievement

C．victory

D．miracle

8.

A．joined

B．attended

C．entered

D．escaped

9.

A．quit

B．hold

C．take

D．refuse

10.

A．Fortunately

B．Immediately

C．Unbelievably

D．Eventually

11.

A．adorable

B．awkward

C．amazing

D．acceptable

12.

A．inventor

B．discoverer

C．director

D．doctor

13.

A．supposing

B．considering

C．regarding

D．including

14.

A．finally

B．willingly

C．primarily

D．casually

15.

A．pay

B．win

C．sell

D．purchase

16.

A．born

B．produced

C．developed

D．gained

17.

A．for

B．through

C．due to

D．across

18.

A．achieved

B．made

C．caused

D．left

19.

A．when

B．where

C．which

D．what

20.

A．challenger

B．loser

C．winner

D．volunteer