3 . When London faced the Black Death in 1665, many people desperately sought a way to protect themselves and their loved ones from getting sick. One widely adopted method consisted of mixing two small cloves of garlic in a cup of fresh milk. People believed that drinking this drink in the morning on an empty stomach would prevent the feared disease.

Like those living through the hard time in London, many people searched for treatment that would keep viruses at bay, which is why the claims that garlic could help people spread on social media. The claims caused the World Health Organization to post tweets of warning.

Despite laboratory studies showing that garlic does have special substances, the idea of consuming garlic to prevent becoming infected with any bacteria or viruses is mostly folklore. The idea of garlic as a blanket cure has its foundation in medical folk wisdom, which is an umbrella term for unproven, widespread beliefs about anything to do with health and disease. It can involve herbal treatment, dietary recommendations and advice about following specific behaviors. It is often passed down by word of mouth through generations and may be one of the reasons myths( stories from ancient times) about the causes and cures of diseases continue to exist, despite the progress of medical science.

Medical folk wisdom, like other types of misinformation not backed by science, often spreads quickly on social media. When the UK went into lockdown, the Burns Centre at Birmingham Children’s Hospital saw a 30-fold-increase in the number of injuries. This was caused by folk statements on social media that misled parents into believing that breathing in steam could prevent or treat respiratory tract (呼吸道) disease.

Medical folk wisdom isn’t bad all the time, and nor is it likely to disappear anytime soon. What we need is to understand what makes people believe in it and to what extent it challenges beliefs in science. There seems to be a complex relationship between beliefs in medical folk wisdom and what people actually do to protect their health, which could be key to preventing its harmful effects. Therefore, we should think twice before adopting it. Lives may depend upon it.

1. What made the garlic welcome in the seventeenth century?

A．Its special taste.

B．Its low price.

C．Its medicinal quality.

D．Its ready availability.

2. What can we learn about medical folk wisdom according to Paragraph 3?

A．It helps increase the advances in medicine.

B．It counts as much as medical science.

C．It includes some long-held beliefs and traditions.

D．It stands up well to science.

3. Why does the author mention the example in Paragraph 4?

A．To highlight the role of social media in spreading misinformation.

B．To show unproven folk practices can do harm to public health.

C．To point out parents lack medical knowledge.

D．To remind us to clarify information online.

4. What should we do with medical folk wisdom according to the text?

A．Try to prove its scientific nature.

B．Adopt it in our daily life.

C．Help remove it as soon as possible.

D．Make an evaluation before using it.

4 . In a high-tech lab on John’s Hopkins University’s Homewood campus in Maryland, engineers have been building a robot that may be able to stitch (缝针) back together the broken tissues in your stomach and even your brain, no doctor needed.

The robot has a high-tech camera on one arm and a high-tech sewing machine on a second arm. The goal is to develop, in the next several years, a robot that makes the delicate work more consistent.

The robot, known as Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot, or STAR, which is run by a highly advanced computer program, will advance technology currently in wide use in operating rooms. The robot completes about a stitch a minute, slightly slower than a human surgeon. But the tests so far have shown more consistency than what the humans can achieve.

Long hours of traditional surgery can cause human hands to get tired and tremble, which may cause accidents during an operation. Robert Langer, an engineer, said the robotic arm could change the way surgeries are done. He has helped found dozens of biotech companies including Galen Robotics. The robotic arm being developed by Hopkins engineers is this company’s product.

Galen CEO Bruce Lichorowic compared the robotic arm to future for surgeons, saying it increases their stability, reduces tiredness and prevents cramps (抽搐) during long surgeries, all of which lead to safer surgeries.

Galen Robotics has its roots in research from Johns Hopkins University, but the company had been based in Silicon Valley until 2019. “The company currently employs about 40 people, about half of whom have advanced degrees from Johns Hopkins,” said Lichorowic, adding that the company plans to grow to 60 positions by the end of the year.

Galen’s robotic arm is not for sale yet, but Lichorowic said the company expects to submit an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) later this year.

1. What can STAR do?

A．Shorten operation time.	B．Replace human surgeons.
C．Make operations smooth.	D．Advance medical studies.

2. What does Lichorowic think of STAR?

A．Flexible.

B．High-cost.

C．Promising.

D．Unpredictable.

3. What can we know about Galen Robotics?

A．It is sponsored by John’s Hopkins University.	B．It still has its base in Silicon Valley now.
C．Its robot arm will be released later this year.	D．It is scheduled to expand within this year.

4. In which column is this text most likely to appear?

A．Mind & Brain.

B．Health & Technology.

C．Business & Investment.

D．Physics & Medicine.

5 . Minutes can make a difference when a life is on the line. The American Red Cross has begun offering free training and certification (合格证书) so high school students can act fast in medical emergencies.

Traumatic injuries (创伤性损伤) are the leading cause of death in Americans younger than 45. “What we are trying to do is take lessons that we learned from the battlefield — people with life-threatening injuries might have a much better chance of surviving if they can have immediate treatment,” said Craig Goolsby, a professor of Military Emergency Medicine at the Uniformed Services University. “If people can stop bleeding, particularly bleeding from arms and legs, we have a lot better chance of saving the lives of those people once they reach the hospital,” he said.

First Aid for Severe Trauma (FAST) training is available to teach high school students how to talk to each other effectively during an emergency, how to make sure that the scene is safe so additional people don’t get hurt and how to stop bleeding with a tourniquet (止血带) or direct pressure. “Just some of those really basic things that can be lifesaving before an ambulance arrives,” Goolsby said.

“My team has done a series of research studies over the past several years looking at the public’s ability to apply tourniquets or apply direct pressure. We’ve found that even very brief education, like 15 minutes of education, can have a great effect on how people will react,” Goolsby added. “They start out at a lower level of likelihood of response, get the training, and then all of a sudden, they’re more likely to respond.”

Goolsby noted that in many emergencies, average people on the street jumped in to help people who were injured. “Giving the public these tools and the courage to say ‘I can do this.’ is really important. The FAST program does that. And so we’re excited to be able to empower this next generation of Americans to take those steps,” he said.

1. What did Craig Goolsby learn from the battlefield?

A．The difficulty of surviving.	B．The types of traumatic injuries.
C．The importance of immediate treatment.	D．The lifesaving measures taken by medical staff.

2. Which of the following is included in the FAST training?

A．How to move the injured to a safe place.	B．How to help the injured deal with pressure.
C．How to communicate effectively in emergencies.	D．How to make tourniquets using materials on hand.

3. What can we infer from paragraph 4?

A．Most people have little first aid experience.

B．Educated people are more likely to offer help.

C．Most people find it difficult to apply direct pressure.

D．People tend to help others willingly after the training.

4. What was Craig Goolsby’s attitude toward the FAST program?

A．Doubtful.

B．Positive.

C．Worried.

D．Critical.

6 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Hospitals haven’t always been clean and quiet places. Long ago they were dirty and crowded. Nurses were never taught     1     to look after their patients and many people died. It was Florence Nightingale who changed all this.

Florence was born in 1820. As a child, she often went with her mother     2     (visit) the poor people. They took food and medicine to the sick. It was these visits that first gave her the idea of becoming     3     nurse.

Her chance came in 1854 when Britain went to war with Russia. Florence     4     (ask) by the government to take a group of nurses to look after the sick and the     5     (wound). The hospitals were dirty, and there wasn’t enough medicine. Florence and her team worked very hard,     6     (clean) the hospital rooms and made the bed every day. At night, she would go from room to room,     7     (check) on the patients. She often stayed to talk to the patients and provided comfort     8     them.

After the war, Florence opened a school to teach nurses to look after their patients     9     (proper). However, she never really made a full     10     (recover) from the illness that she had in the war, and she died in 1910.

7 . How to Properly Recover from a Bad Sports Injury

Each sports activity has its risks and can eventually lead to different types of injuries. Whether you are a professional athlete or just a passionate sportsperson, a sports injury is never good news. However,     1    . So here are a few steps which can help you and bring you valuable tips to overcome any future sports injury.

1. Get a Diagnosis

After the incident, be sure to establish how serious the situation is. It is important to make a difference between being hurt and being injured.     2    . So, if it doesn’t go away after a while, or it even gets worse, you know it’s not a joke and you need to see the doctor as soon as possible. If it’s just a sore, with a bit of attention, it should heal quite easily. If, however, the pain lingers, don’t dismiss it and accept medical advice without objection.

2. Understand What Caused the Injury

    3    . This will help you avoid getting hurt in the future, and will also help you define your program of recovery. Depending on the cause of the injury, you will be able to take further steps. Understanding the situation that led to the injury will ease psychological consequences and help you deal with the injury.

3.     4    

Take the medical advice and work with your doctor on your recovery. Depending on the type of the injury, go to the physical treatment, do prescribed exercises under medical management, or try some alternative methods like a chiropractic treatment. In one word, do everything you’re told in order to speed up your recovery and prevent potential worsening.

4. Get Enough Energy

Make sure you eat healthy, avoiding foods and drinks with excessive amounts of sugar, alcohol, and white flour.     5    .

Hopefully these tips will help you recover from any future sports injury.

A．Take More Exercise

B．Seek Professional Help

C．there really is a good side to everything

D．it shouldn’t be a reason for losing heart either

E．Stick to truly nutritious food, minimizing the intake of junk food

F．Pain will be of major help in establishing the severity of the injury

G．It is really important to analyze the situation and establish the cause of the injury

8 . I’ve had private health insurance my entire life. My parents were advocates of it and insisted I maintain my insurance after I left home. To be honest, I’d never really thought about it until I married and started a family of my own.

Pregnant with our first child, health insurance afforded me the doctor of my choice and a private room in the hospital of my choice. Many of my friends chose the public system and, although discharged from hospital (出院) much earlier, were provided daily home visits from a midwife (助产士) in the days following birth.

I’m happy to say all our babies were delivered safe and healthy. And while I have no regrets about “going private”, it wasn’t cheap despite my health insurance. My friends, on the other hand, paid nothing.

It wasn’t until my children turned one year old that I began to question whether health insurance was worth the monthly expense.

On the few occasions when the kids needed emergency care, we were referred to a new public hospital nearby and received first-class treatment. At that point we began to wonder if the money we were spending on private health cover could be better used elsewhere. Before I cancelled our insurance, though, I was diagnosed with cancer and that changed everything.

Thanks to my health insurance, the time between diagnosis and my first surgery was less than a week. I could recover in my own hospital room and know the team of specialists who were caring for me would be the same throughout my journey. Ten years later, they still are.

Other cancer survivors I’ve befriended along the way went public with their treatment and have no regrets either, which leads me to this conclusion: there’s no right or wrong when it comes to health insurance. I’ve kept it all these years because I like having peace of mind that my family will receive the treatment they need, when they need it. There are pros and cons for both, and only you can decide what best suits your situation.

1. What did the author think of private health insurance before her marriage?

A．It wasn’t cheap.	B．It was far from enough.
C．It didn’t affect her much.	D．It indeed gave her peace of mind.

2. What happened to the author’s friends choosing the public system?

A．They had harder deliveries.	B．They spent less time in hospital.
C．They had weekly home visits from a midwife	D．They were not well cared for after childbirth.

3. What did the author plan to do before she got cancer?

A．Get money to cover medical expenses.	B．Maintain her private health insurance.
C．Use her insurance money somewhere else.	D．Do something to change the public system.

4. What’s the author’s attitude to insurance now?

A．Choose your best fit.	B．Buy private insurance if you can.
C．Keep both public and private insurance.	D．Spend money carefully when it comes to insurance.

10 . According to a recent poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation’s Vaccine Monitor, nearly a quarter of parents surveyed in the US would not allow their teenagers to be vaccinated.

To help her peers get rid of the embarrassing situation, Kelly Danielpour, 18, from the US, runs VaxTeen, a website that aims to answer questions from teenagers seeking advice about vaccines and what rights they have to make decisions about their health.

With her father as a doctor, Danielpour started volunteering in hospitals in middle school and learned a lot about medicines. Such experiences have made her realize that vaccinations are a good way to keep teenagers from developing health issues they may not be able to get care for later on.

But as she read her peers’ posts on Reddit, a social media platform, she was shocked to find that many of her peers are disapproved to get vaccines. This trend has been more obvious during the pandemic (大流行).

“I found hundreds of posts on Reddit,” the 18-year-old told NBC News. “Every few days, I could still find at least one new post.”

To help them, the first step, she said, is providing the teenagers with information and resources about vaccines so they could get rid of parents’ misinformation. But if that didn’t work, she would get the teenagers information about their healthcare rights.

But that was not easy. Danielpour told Time magazine that every state has different laws on the choices minors can make regarding their own healthcare.

She studied state laws and bookmarked countless pages from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Healthline website reported. “I did not put anything on the website that I didn’t think would hold up,” Danielpour explained.

The effort paid off. With the help of VaxTeen, more young Americans have been vaccinated.

In fact, she plans to continue encouraging teenagers to place their own medical choices in their hands for years to come. And she advocates for a medical system that provides equal access to healthcare for all.

“This is what I’m passionate about. This is what I do,” she told Healthline.

1. What is the purpose of VaxTeen?

A．To offer legal support to teenagers.

B．To persuade teenagers to get vaccinated.

C．To give teenagers advice about communicating with parents.

D．To provide teenagers with accurate information regarding vaccines.

2. What shocked Danielpour as she read her peers’ Reddit posts?

A．Health issues teenagers cannot get care for.

B．Her peers’ lack of knowledge about medicine.

C．People’s complaints about vaccines on social media.

D．The number of teenagers not allowed to get vaccinated.

3. Why is it difficult to supply teenagers with information about their healthcare rights?

A．It’s hard to collect reliable information about it.

B．It’s illegal to post information on laws on unofficial websites.

C．Laws on minors’ healthcare decision rights vary in each state.

D．Some states have no regulations about minors’ healthcare choices.

4. Which of the following best describes Danielpour?

A．Brave and independent.	B．Thoughtful and cautious.
C．Warm-hearted and devoted.	D．Optimistic and knowledgeable.