3 . The University of Miami’s newest hospital has a six-bed emergency room (急诊室), operating room, a birthing room and outpatient clinics.

The only thing missing is patients. Instead, nursing students get a realistic clinical experience using computerized patients and staff actors.

“Practicing on real people can be a frightening environment, and as our patients may be unwilling to accept treatment when a student walks in,” said Susana Barroso-Fernandez, who oversees UM’s simulation (模拟) program. “We created this environment to allow students to practice and make mistakes and never put a patient or student at risk.”

UM’s Simulation Hospital is part of a growing trend of colleges building simulation centers to provide real-life experiences to students. Community colleges and schools also use simulators for emergency medical technician (技师) and medical assistant programs.

A 2020 study by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing found that colleges could use simulation to replace up to half of all clinical experience without any bad results. The students scored as well on nursing license exams as those getting most of their experience in hospitals and health care centers. Officials say they think simulation has helped their students achieve nearly perfect passing rates on the exams.

There are major advantages of simulation. In addition to giving students a safe environment to practice in, it also gives students experience with conditions that are rare, but still important for them to know how to deal with.

The Simulation Hospital will also be used as a training place for people outside of UM, officials said. “You can bring companies in that want to test new products before they go to market,” Barroso-Fernandez said. “You can work with community partners like police and fire departments. You can take this hospital and turn it into a casualty (伤亡) event and have the community practice disaster preparedness and response. It’s not just about nursing education.”

Penicillin (青霉素) is widely considered    1    (be) one of the most important medical discoveries in history, but it was not what Alexander Fleming was looking for when he found it    2    September 1928.

Fleming,    3    scientist from Scotland, returned to his laboratory after a holiday and found some mould (霉菌) on one of his    4     (plate) of bacteria (细菌). He observed that the bacteria    5     (surround) the mould were dead. Surprised by this, Fleming performed some tests. The results indicated that something produced by the mould had killed the bacteria. He was     6     (whole) aware that it could be very     7     (use) for treating wounds.

For more than 10 years, Fleming had been researching penicillin and trying to make     8     into an effective medicine. Finally, his work caught the attention of some other scientists     9    were able to do it. Since its mass production began in the1940s, penicillin     10     (save) millions of lives.

7 . No matter how advanced technology gets, it can never be a substitute for good doctors and medical workers. During this year alone, health care professionals from all over the world have been putting themselves in a harmful way to treat COVID-19 patients. In times like this it is more important than ever that everyone has access to a doctor. But, according to statistics from the WHO, China has 19.79 medical doctors per 10,000 people (2017), the US has 26.12, and the UK has 27.86.

However, the rise of telemedicine allows doctors to make better use of their time and provides better health care access, especially for those in rural areas. Telemedicine is the remote delivery of health care services, including online consultations and diagnoses, and remote patient monitoring.

According to the World Economy Forum, nearly every other industry adopted widespread use of conference calls, and more recently, used video chats in order to cooperate remotely, while health care providers and patients both hesitated to adopt these tools to deliver health care. However, COVID-19 could push them to adopt the new approach. Having one of the best health care systems in the world, Switzerland already offers virtual video appointments for private patients, and with cloud computing, this care can go even further.

With patient data being stored in the cloud, medical records can be easily shared and updated by all health care providers when required. With the addition of powerful cloud networks, wearable technology, such as bracelets, can monitor a patient’s key signs from their homes, removing the need for hospital care.

Seema, administrator of Medicare and Medicaid Centre, told the Wall Street Journal, “The arrival of telehealth has been just completely speeded, and it’s taken this crisis to push us to a new frontier.” Indeed, telemedicine will have a huge effect on medical care, allowing for more personalized treatment of patients after COVID-19 has relieved.

8 . China is one of the first countries to breed a medical culture. In comparison with Western methods, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adopt a vastly different approach. For thousands of years, Chinese people have accumulated rich experience in fighting all sorts of diseases, therefore forming a unique medical theory under the guidance of ancient Chinese philosophies.

The core behind TCM is that the human body’s life is the consequence of the balance between yin and yang. Yang functions to safeguard us against outer harm, and yin is the inner base to store and provide energy. When the balance between the two aspects is disturbed, people fall ill.

One of the traditional techniques of TCM, acupuncture (针刺疗法), means insertion (插入) of needles into superficial (表皮的) structures of the body—usually at acupoints (穴位)—to restore the yin-yang balance. It is often accompanied by moxibustion (灸法), which involves burning the mugwort (艾叶) on or near the skin at an acupoint.

The first known text that clearly talks about something like acupuncture and moxibustion as it is practiced today is Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon. It is the earliest and most important written work of TCM and is considered the most representative medical text in China.

Acupuncture and moxibustion have aroused the interest of international medical science circles. And TCM is gradually gaining worldwide recognition. The WHO issued a document in 2002 that appealed to more than 180 countries to adopt TCM as an alternative in their medical policies. In 2010, acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine were added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO. Presently, TCM has been back in the news for its effectiveness in improving the cure rate of the COVID-19 since its outbreak in January 2020.

When the action movie Wolf Warrior II broke China’ s box-office records in 2017, a less prominent (突出的) figure unexpectedly left a strong impression     1     the audience—a military scientist     2     (call) Dr. Chen who developed a vaccine for a deadly virus spreading across Africa.

Two years ago, a real military scientist Dr. Chen Wei     3     (send) from China to Africa to fight against the deadly Ebola. The only difference between the two figures is     4     the real Dr. Chen is “she”.

When SARS broke out in China in 2003, Dr. Chen and her team isolated (隔离) the virus and identified (确认) the cause of the disease without delay.     5     (lucky), the efforts devoted by them had prevented about 14,000 front-line medical workers from     6     (get) infected.

After SARS, the forward-looking woman shifted her attention to Ebola which claimed (夺去生命) over 10,000     7     (life) worldwide. In 2015, she and her team went to Sierra Leone and started their second phase of clinical experiments (临床实验). After countless trials and errors, her vaccine has proven safe and     8     (effect), and been widely administered (供给) to staff assigned to help people in Africa.

From SARS and Ebola to COVID-19, Dr. Chen has spent half of her life fighting against life-threatening viruses.“ We do not have any other choices but     9     (win),” she said. And she made     10    .

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is gaining global popularity. According to a government white paper. TCM    1     (introduce) in 183 countries and regions around the world so far.

Westerners’ understanding of TCM, however, maybe limited to acupuncture (针灸), cupping (拔罐) and massage. As    2     matter of fact, Chinese herbs play a more important role than physical    3     (treat) in getting rid of diseases and keeping the body    4     good condition in the TCM treatment system.

Herbs are made into pills, powder and soup,     5     are used for different kinds of illnesses.

The herbs,     6     (they) quality and quantity, and the processing of the ingredients jointly determine the effectiveness of the prescription.TCM,     7     (compare) with Western medicine, lacks standardization because the chemical composition and functions of its medicines are unclear and their effects are    8     (stable).     9     (fortunate), standardization has improved in recent decades, with an increasing number of factories     10     (produce) patented TCM drugs.