1 . How do doctors and hospitals decide who gets potentially lifesaving treatment and who doesn't? Facing this
In the words which are easy to understand, a utilitarianism approach would maximize(使最大化) overall health by directing
In addition, they say pulling the
In a recent article in The New York Times, a British researcher said, “There are arguments about
Dr. Emanuel
| A．present | B．difficult | C．firm | D．modern |
| A．approach | B．concept | C．structure | D．order |
| A．money | B．medicine | C．operation | D．care |
| A．suffer | B．hear | C．benefit | D．differ |
| A．disappear | B．survive | C．breathe | D．die |
| A．income | B．health | C．dream | D．promise |
| A．moving | B．temporary | C．diverse | D．necessary |
| A．face | B．improve | C．solve | D．help |
| A．asleep | B．silent | C．ill | D．apart |
| A．proving | B．valuing | C．promoting | D．marking |
| A．really | B．usually | C．possibly | D．casually |
| A．memory | B．relatives | C．experience | D．friends |
| A．disagree | B．declared | C．struggled | D．protested |
| A．with power | B．on time | C．in use | D．by force |
| A．devices | B．equipment | C．materials | D．resources |
2 . Sam is a fourth-year student at Harvard Medical School，but poetry is still a big part of his life，now with a new teacher，Rafael Campo，who believes poetry can benefit every doctor’s education and work. Rafael is a physician，professor and a highly respected poet.
“Poetry is in every encounter(邂逅)with my patients. I think healing is really in a very great way about poetry. And if we do anything when we’re with our patients，we’re really immersing(使沉浸于)ourselves in their stories，really hearing their voices. And，certainly，that’s what a poem does，”he said.
Rafael worries that something important has been lost in medicine and medical education today：humanity，which he finds in poetry. To end that，he leads a weekly reading and writing workshop for medical students and residents(住院医生).
He thinks medical training focuses too much on distancing the doctor from his or her patients，and poems can help close that gap.
Third-year resident Andrea Schwartz was one of the workshop regulars. She said. “I think there’s no other profession other than medicine that produces as many writers as it does. And I think that is because there’s just so much power in doctors and patients interacting when patients are at their saddest. ”Not everyone believes that’s what doctors should do，though.
Rafael said，“I was afraid of how people might judge me，actually. In the medical profession，as many people know，we must always put the emergency first. But，you know，that kind of treatment，if it’s happening in the hospital，very regrettably，sadly，results in a bad outcome. The family is sitting by the bedside. The patient hasn’t survived the cancer. Don’t we still have a role as healers there?”
In a poem titled“Health”，Rafael writes of the wish to live forever in a world made painless by our incurable joy. He says he will continue teaching students，helping patients and writing poems，his own brand of medicine.
1. What do we know about Rafael Campo?| A．He works as a doctor. | B．He is under medical care. |
| C．He is a literature professor. | D．He knows little about poetry. |
| A．The importance of medical training. |
| B．The effect of poetry in medical treatment. |
| C．The similarity involved in poetry and medical work. |
| D．The present relationship between patients and doctors. |
| A．It comforts patients’family. |
| B．It contributes to medical work. |
| C．It has nothing to do with doctors. |
| D．It keeps doctors away from patients. |
| A．It requires a lot of spare time. |
| B．It can provide a useful tool for doctors. |
| C．It has little effect on patients’conditions. |
| D．It should be included in emergency treatments. |
3 . Over a four-year period, Swiss researchers have developed a machine that can keep human livers (肝)alive outside of the body for one week.
Livers are among the most commonly transplanted (移植)human organs. Current technology can only keep human livers alive for up to 24 hours. It is reported that, in 2017, about 8.000 liver transplants were performed in the U.S., of which 360 used livers from living givers In addition, about 11,500 people were registered on a waiting list to receive a liver transplant. Keeping livers alive and functioning for longer periods could greatly improve the chances of survival for patients.
The researchers say the purpose of their “Liver4Life” machine is to perform what they call liver perfusion (灌注)operations outside of the human body. Perfusion is the process by which blood or other liquids are pumped through organs and tissue. The machine keeps the liver at the right temperature and moves it in a way that would be natural in the body. Using a pump to fill the liver with blood acting like a human heart, the machine also provides oxygen to the organ, controls red blood cell levels and removes waste.
The research team began their experiments with livers from pigs. After repeated testing and engineering development, they succeeded in getting the pig livers to survive for seven days with support only provided from the Liver4Life machine. They also discovered the system can work to repair damaged livers. The team is now planning its next step to transplant machine-treated organs into patients.
Pierre-Alain Clavien. leader of the research said in a statement. “This technology will greatly increase the number of livers available for transplant, improving the chances of survival for patients. The success of this unique machine opens the way for many new applications in transplantation and cancer medicine.”
1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2?| A．Introduce a brand new topic for discussion. |
| B．Provide some latest data about present liver transplants. |
| C．Show the urgency of tech improvement in liver transplants. |
| D．Remind readers concerned of the importance of a healthy liver. |
| A．The machine. | B．The liver. |
| C．The temperature. | D．The tissue. |
| A．It is among the most commonly used machines for liver transplants. |
| B．It is aimed to carry out liver perfusion operations in the human body. |
| C．It can perform several functions to keep the liver working normally. |
| D．It can be used to keep the pig livers alive for more than one week. |
| A．A biology textbook. | B．A first aid brochure. |
| C．A social web page. | D．A health magazine. |
4 . In the winter of 1910, Dr. Wu Lien-Teh stepped off a train in the northern Chinese city of Harbin. He was there to solve a medical mystery, at great personal risk. Over the past few months, an unknown disease had swept along the railways of northeast China, killing 99.9% of its victims. The Qing Imperial court had sent the Cambridge-educated Dr. Wu north to stop the epidemic.
When Dr Wu arrived in Harbin on Christmas Eve, 1910, he carried little in the way of medical instruments and had only one assistant. One of Wu' s first acts upon arrival was to set up special quarantine(隔离) units and to order lockdowns to stop infected persons from traveling and spreading the disease. He had teams check households for possible cases, and even managed to convince authorities to completely close the railways in the early weeks of 1911. Of particular concern was the upcoming Chinese New Year holiday, which had become a great annual migration of people traveling across the country to see their families.
Thanks to Dr. Wu's efforts, the number of plague victims began to die down, and by March 1, 1911, the epidemic was fully contained. The pneumonic (肺炎的) plague outbreak of 1910-1911 lasted nearly four months, affected five provinces and six major cities, and accounted for over 60,000 deaths. It is clear that without the brave and decisive actions taken by Dr. Wu, it could have been much worse. Had the epidemic gone unchecked, allowing holiday rail passengers to spread the disease to the rest of China could have meant a catastrophic loss of life and possibly a global health crisis.
In April 1911, Dr. Wu chaired an International Plague Conference in Shenyang, attended by scientists from 11 counties including the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan and France. They praised Dr. Wu for his handling of the 1910-1911 outbreak. For a time, Dr. Wu was the world's most famous plague fighter, a title be defended in a malaria epidemic in China in 1919, and a return of plague in 1921.
1. What was Dr Wu's mission in 1910?| A．To take personal risk. |
| B．To end an epidemic. |
| C．To provide medical education. |
| D．To investigate the number of victims. |
| A．Setting up special quarantine units around the country. |
| B．Treating infected persons with his medical instruments. |
| C．Checking households himself for possible cases. |
| D．Convincing authorities to close the railways. |
| A．The disease worsened after March 1, 1911. |
| B．60,000 would have died without Dr Wu's efforts. |
| C．A global health crisis followed the 1910-1911 outbreak. |
| D．The plague broke out again about 10 years later. |
| A．A Plague Fighter |
| B．A Global Health Crisis |
| C．The Beginning of the Chinese Public Health System |
| D．A Plague Outbreak |
1. 表达谢意； 2. 个人感受； 3. 表达信心。
注意：1.词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语和结束语已为你写好。
参考词汇：疫情epidemic situation 新型冠状病毒 novel corona virus
Dear Medical workers，
I am Li Hua from an international school in Fuzhou.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Good luck and stay well!
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
6 . As they reach school age, about 90 percent of children will have experienced a condition in which fluid (液体) fills the middle ear, muffling (使模糊) sound and sometimes causing infection. The fluid usually clears on its own, but if not, it can lead to a painful ear infection called acute otitis (中耳炎) media. In some cases the fluid can persist for more than a year, causing hearing loss during this period, and slowing down their development of language and social skills.
Diagnosis usually requires a visit to a specialist—but researchers have now developed an app that detects this fluid just as accurately, with only a smartphone and a paper funnel (漏斗).
Doctors typically detect the problem by peering into the ear for a visual assessment. Yet, this method has only a 50 percent accuracy rate. “Right now, if you bring your child to a pediatrician, or to any urgent care family doctor, the way they look at whether or not there’s fluid in the middle ear is by looking at the eardrum,” says Sharat Raju, a surgeon in the department of head and neck surgery at the University of Washington.
For a cheaper and more accessible alternative, researchers at the University of Washington turned to smartphones. First the user follows a template to cut and tape a piece of paper into a funnel, which can be placed between a smartphone and the patient’s ear. Next the app plays a chirping sound through the phone’s speaker; the sound waves bounce off the eardrum and hit the phone’s microphone, where they register and are analyzed by the app. An eardrum with fluid behind it will vibrate (振动) differently than if the middle ear is full of air, as it normally is.
To develop the app, the researchers first played chirps for patients with and without fluid in their ears. They recorded the echoes (回音), which indicate the eardrum’s mobility. Then they used a machine learning model to classify the returning sound waves, determining which audio characteristics indicated a normal ear and which suggested the presence of fluid. Once they tested the app on 98 children, ranging from 18 months to 17 years old, at Seattle Children’s Hospital. It correctly detected fluid in 85 percent of cases, and correctly identified fluid-free ears in 82 percent.
The researchers are currently trying to get FDA approval for the app, and have founded a company to commercialize it. They hope to make it available by the end of the year, to help parents track children’s ear health at home.
1. What do we know about the fluid from the first paragraph?| A．It is mostly part of children’s growth. | B．It is unavoidable for any child. |
| C．It is a permanent physical condition. | D．It is beyond any medical means. |
| A．A hospital. | B．A specialist. |
| C．A relative. | D．An app. |
| A．The application of the app. | B．The causes of the kid’s ear problem. |
| C．The purpose of developing the app. | D．The experiment of the smartphone. |
| A．It will upgrade the medical technology. | B．It will hit the market in the near future. |
| C．It will help children do better academically. | D．It will save doctors medical operations. |
7 . Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) isn’t supported by most Westerners. However, this is starting to change.
TCM will be included in the new version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which will be published by the World Health Organization in 2019, Nature magazine reported.
This is the first time for TCM to be included in the ICD, which serves as “the international standard for diseases and health conditions,” according to China Daily.
Ryan Abbott at the Center for East-West Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, US, said this could benefit TCM.
The inclusion of TCM in the ICD “is a mainstream acceptance that will have significant influence around the world”, Abbott told Nature.
TCM has seen some growth in other countries, with a number of famous people being known to use it. For example, during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, US swimmer Michael Phelps was seen with circular bruises (青肿) on his body. Such bruises are caused by cupping (拔火罐), a traditional Chinese medicinal practice that has been around for more than 2,000 years.
In 2015, Chinese scientist TuYouyou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of artemisinin (青蒿素), a drug that can cure malaria (疟疾). She said she was inspired by traditional Chinese medicine.
TCM still faces many challenges, such as a lack of clinical evidence as to precisely how it works, according to China Daily. “Not matched to several Western testing standards, TCM’s effectiveness has been difficult to study or provide evidence for,” according to CNN.
Some say that TCM should be combined with modern scientific methods to make it more acceptable to people outside of China.
“Tried and tested over thousands of years, the effectiveness of TCM is clear,” Lu Chuanjian, vice-president of the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, told China Daily.
“Now we need to use modern technology and ways of thinking to explain to the world how TCM works on specific diseases and to prove that it can cure diseases,” Lu added.
1. What does the underlined word “which” refer to?| A．TCM. | B．ICD. |
| C．World Health Organization. | D．Center for East-West Medicine. |
| A．TCM has gained world popularity. |
| B．TCM is the mainstream treatment around the world. |
| C．TCM has a long history. |
| D．TCM is being gradually accepted by the world. |
| A．it lacks enough clinical cases to support TCM is effective |
| B．modern scientific methods are combined into TCM’s study |
| C．TCM’s effectiveness is hard to match Western testing standards |
| D．there is still no evidence to explain how precisely TCM works |
| A．TCM Is Gaining New Global Acceptance |
| B．WHO Will Publish New TCM Standards |
| C．TCM Still Lacks Clinical Evidence |
| D．TCM Practice Cures Michael Phelps |
8 . It has been around for centuries, but up until very recently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wasn’t fully accepted abroad. Proof of this can be found in The Treatment (《刮痧》), a 2001 film that tells the story of a Chinese man in the US who’s accused of abuse after he uses guasha, a form of TCM treatment, to cure his grandson’s disease.
During the last 10 years or so, however, TCM has been getting increasingly popular all over the world. A report released by the State Council Information Office on Dec. 6 says this style of health care, which includes different forms like herbal medicine and exercise, has spread to 183 countries and regions.
“We have set up 10 TCM centers outside China, and all of them are popular among locals,” Wang Guoqiang, head of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said at a news conference on Dec 6. “Governments of 86 countries and regions have signed agreements with the Chinese government on TCM corporation.”
One of the reasons behind the growing popularity of TCM is the increase of scientific research into it. And after Tu Youyou, the Chinese scientist who discovered the anti-malaria (抗疟疾) drug qinghaosu (青蒿素), won the Nobel Prize in 2015, TCM became even more famous internationally.
However, all these achievements in TCM don’t mean that it’s problem-free. Over the years, TCM has faced challenges in being able to prove that it has certain effects.
Some researchers have suggested TCM should be more exact and work together with Western medicine.
“Bringing together with Western medicine and TCM, rather than being in competition, is where the potential for great effects is,” said Bernhard Schwartlander, the China representative of the World Health Organization.
1. The film The Treatment is mentioned in the first paragraph to .| A．introduce the film to readers |
| B．show TCM is increasingly popular |
| C．arouse readers’ interest in Western medicine |
| D．prove that TCM is not fully accepted in western countries |
| A．TCM is not exact in curing diseases |
| B．10 TCM centers abroad are all set up by locals |
| C．86 countries have cooperated with China on TCM |
| D．Tu Youyou’s success contributes to the popularity of TCM |
| A．combine western medicine | B．face no challenge at all |
| C．give an exact description of its effects | D．compete with western medicine |
| A．A report on TCM | B．Opinions about TCM |
| C．TCM spreads | D．TCM & Western Medicine |
9 . There are two medicines that change people’s lives, one of
The other drug which has proved
1. What’s wrong with Sam?
| A．He got seriously ill. |
| B．He was hit by a car. |
| C．He lost his motorbike. |
| A．The school. | B．The hospital. | C．Sam’s home. |
