1 . When patients are discharged (出院) from the hospital, effective summaries from doctors’ notes are essential to capture their health status in the medical record. Whereas, most are filled with technical languages that are hard to understand and increase patients’ anxiety.
To address the problem, researchers from New York University (NYU) Langone Health have been testing the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence (AI). It tries to develop likely options for the next word in any sentence based on how most people use words in context on the Internet.
NYU Langone Health received access to the latest tool from a famous tech company to explore generative AI. One of the studies by the researchers published in JAMA Network Open, looked at how well the tool could convert (转换) the text in 50 patient discharge notes into patient-friendly language. Specifically, generative AI made the discharge notes drop from 11th-grade reading level on average to a 6th-grade level.
Two physicians were asked to review the AI discharge summary based on a 6th-grade level. The reviewing physicians awarded 54 percent of the AI-generated discharge notes the best-possible accuracy rating. They also found that 56 percent of notes created by AI were entirely complete. The result signified that even at the current performance level, providers of discharge notes would not have to make a single change in more than half of the AI summaries reviewed.
“That more than half of the AI reports generated are accurate and complete is an amazing start,” said Jonah Zaretsky, associate chief of medicine at NYU Langone Hospital — Brooklyn. “Even at the current level of performance, which we expect to improve shortly, the achievement of the AI tool suggests that it can be taught to recognize subtleties (微妙之处).”
Within the following years, the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale.
1. What is generative AI used for by the researchers?A.Submitting discharge summaries. | B.Accessing patients’ health status. |
C.Making discharge notes clear to patients. | D.Offering technical languages to doctors. |
A.Probable predicting. | B.Actual thinking. |
C.Free imagining. | D.Strict instructing. |
A.To correct their mistakes. | B.To measure their accuracy. |
C.To compete with the AI tool. | D.To make up the missing parts. |
A.Misleading. | B.Dismissive. | C.Challenging. | D.Promising. |
2 . Very few people enjoy going to the dentist, especially for a filling. Often fillings need to be replaced during the patient’s lifetime. But is filling the cavity (蛀牙洞) with a foreign material really the best treatment? Is it possible that the tooth could repair itself with its own material — dentine (牙质)? Researchers at King’s College London have found a process that may replace the traditional method.
Paul Sharpe of King’s College London says the new treatment for cavities is simpler. It uses a drug that causes the tooth to fill in the hole naturally with dentine. “It involves putting a drug in the hole. It excites a natural process, which starts to occur anyway following the damage, so you can actually get the big hole repaired and the repair is the production of the natural material, the dentine.”
Usually a new drug requires repeated testing before it is approved for treatment. However, this drug that produces the regrowth material in teeth has already been approved. It is a drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders of the nervous system. Researchers explain that they use only a small amount and they use it locally. Usually that means the medicine is put directly on the affected area. It does not travel through the patient’s blood.
Nigel Carter heads Britain’s Oral Health Foundation. He describes the new treatment as an exciting possibility for dental care. But Carter also has a warning, “Actually regrowing the tooth that has been lost with a cavity would be really a huge step forward. But it's also important that we remember that filling the cavity is not the first place. It’s a preventable disease.”
1. When it comes to the dental treatment, researchers at King’s College London focus on .A.why the cavity must be filled | B.what skills dentists should learn |
C.when people have to see a dentist | D.how the tooth can repair itself |
A.the full use of a new drug | B.the natural process of tooth repair |
C.the good quality of filling materials | D.the practical way of finding the damage early |
A.It has little effect on Alzheimer’s disease. |
B.It is being tested before it gets final approval. |
C.It has been put to use for treating other diseases. |
D.It travels through the patients' blood and has side effects. |
A.We should take good care of our teeth in daily life. |
B.When you find the cavity, it is unnecessary to get it filled. |
C.Taking exercise is the best way to prevent dental disease. |
D.When you find a damaged tooth, you'd better repair it. |
增加:在缺词加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线( \ )划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及修改均仅限一词。
2. 只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
One day, I felt terrible pain in different part of my body. When I touched my hand, I felt pain in the hand. When I touched my cheek, my cheek hurts. Wherever I touched, I felt the pain. I found this condition very frightened, so I saw a doctor but explained my strange condition. A doctor examined me and found nothing abnormal. She asked me to get a completely health check-up. All reports were quite normal, what made the doctor rather surprised. Suddenly the doctor realized something and asked myself to touch her hand. I touched her hand and still felt the pain. The doctor finally worked out to what my problem was — my finger injured.
4 . About 600,000 people die of heart attacks at home each year. And the survival rate (存活率) of out-of-hospital heart attacks is much lower than those that happen at the in-hospital setting.
Pumpstart, a program created by students at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) which is meant to teach hands-only CPR (心脏复苏术) to the general public, is effective in both teaching high school students a life-saving skill and providing medical students with a chance to take part in public health and medical education after several surveys.
High school students in the Boston area who joined in the Pumpstart program completed pre-/post surveys. The pre-surveys were carried out before they watched a 60-minute training session (培训课程) on hands-only CPR. And the post surveys were done after the training session. Medical students also completed surveys judging their comfort in learning CPR both before and after they took part in the program. The high school students reported huge improvements in CPR skills following their training from Pumpstart. And it was reported that the medical students had higher confidence levels regarding their abilities to answer questions about CPR and helping new medical students to better understand the training sessions after they joined in Pumpstart.
“Getting the general public to feel comfortable performing CPR is important to overall improved survival from heart attacks,” explained Anita Knopov, a fourth-year medical student at BUSM. “Using educational resources provided by the city medical center and offering training to inner-city high school students allow medical students to serve as both educators and experienced people in CPR within the community, while making high school students interested in the healthcare field (医疗领域). That’s what Pumpstart does.”
Knopov believes Pumpstart can serve as a model for other organizations and can have a long-term (长期的) public health influence as the bystander CPR continues to be one of the most useful factors in out-of-hospital (医院之外) heart attack survival. “Although Pumpstart is offered only in Boston, we hope that our work may stimulate the development of similar programs in other areas. And in that case we can use lots of new ‘Pumpstarts’ in other regions.”
1. What is the main purpose of Pumpstart?A.To change people’s lifestyle. |
B.To train students to be healthy |
C.To improve CPR skills of the public. |
D.To provide medical care for communities. |
A.Pumpstart improves students self-confidence |
B.Pumpstart performs CPR for people independently. |
C.Pumpstart obviously reduces the risk of heart attacks |
D.Pumpstart encourages students to work in the healthcare field |
A.Pretty useful. | B.Widely popular |
C.Partly confusing. | D.Fairly interesting |
A.Check | B.Prevent |
C.Encourage | D.Slow |
5 . We live in a time when various illnesses and conditions can be treated with just a few pills or spoonful of liquid. Unfortunately for us, many medicines come with a bitter (苦的) and unpleasant taste that can make taking them more difficult. There are, however, a few ways you can overcome a medicine’ s taste and keep yourself healthy at the same time.
The easiest way to take bitter liquid medicine is by mixing it with a better-tasting drink.This is usually fine with most medicines, but you have to be careful. There could be interactions between your drug and certain liquids. Check with your doctor and ask what is the best kind of liquid for your medicine, and if there are any juices that will interact with your drug.
Medicines usually have less taste when cold. If you can’t thin your medicine, you can try serving it cold to reduce the bitter taste. Leave it in the refrigerator for about an hour before taking it to ensure that it is sufficiently cold. Suck on an ice cube before taking the medicine.This will numb (使麻木) your mouth and make it harder to taste. With your mouth numbed,you can swallow the medicine before getting too much of a bitter taste.
Crush (碾碎) your pills and mix them into food. If you’ve consulted your doctor and confirmed that it is safe to crush your pills, then use this opportunity to take your medicine with food you enjoy. Many methods for taking pills involve crushing or breaking the pills and mixing them into food. Before doing this, make sure this won’t lower the effectiveness of your medicine. Some pills have time-release coating and can be harmful if crushed down.
1. What problem is mentioned in paragraph 1?A.We are threatened by various illnesses. |
B.We can’t find a cure to most diseases. |
C.Many medicines don’t work well at all. |
D.Many medicines taste bitter and unpleasant. |
A.Only doctors really know which juice tastes good. |
B.It is illegal to do so without a doctor ‘s permission. |
C.Certain liquids reduce the medicine’s effectiveness. |
D.Some medicines interact with each other in liquids. |
A.To let the mouth lose taste for a while. | B.To improve curative effect. |
C.To make medicines taste good. | D.To get rid of the side effect. |
A.A biology text book. | B.A health magazine. |
C.A research paper. | D.A travel brochure. |
6 . People with liver(肝)failure may in future recover by being attached to dialysis(透析)equipment to clean their blood of poisonous substances. The idea is similar to kidney dialysis, when people with kidney failure regularly go to a clinic or hospital to have their blood cleaned. Now, a new technique has shown promise in a small clinical trial, where it boosted the recovery process for people with liver failure.
Liver failure can be triggered by infections, drug overdoses, or drinking too much alcohol. One of the liver's main functions is to remove harmful elements from the blood. In severe liver failure, there is a huge build-up of poisons, which can cause damage to other organs and death.
Many poisonous substances from food and drink are transported in the blood. Initial attempts to replace the liver's function have involved simple forms of dialysis, where the blood is passed through a filter containing clean albumin(白蛋白).
This treatment is on offer in certain hospitals globally, but some trials have failed to show it provides benefit. The problem is that people with liver failure make too little albumin and what they do make doesn't function properly, says Agarwal, a doctor from the Royal Free Hospital in London. "Whatever albumin is being produced is of low quality." So Agarwal and his colleagues developed a different approach, removing the poisonous albumin from the individual's blood and replacing it with an adding of fresh albumin.
The technique was tested in 30 people in intensive care with severe liver failure caused by an outburst of alcoholic cirrhosis. Half the group had three to five dialysis sessions, while the rest received conventional care. Ten out of the 15 people who got dialysis recovered after 10 days, compared with five out of the 15 who got the conventional care. The results were presented at the International Liver Congress, which was held virtually at the end of June.
The work is at an early stage, but the results are promising. "We are really desperate to find something to bridge to transplantation." says Tobias Bottler at the University of Freiburg, Germany, who wasn't involved in the trial.
1. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.The small trial | B.The new technique. |
C.The dialysis equipment. | D.The poisonous substance |
A.Traditional care is more effective than dialysis in treating liver failure. |
B.Dialysis treatment is available in hospitals with its all trials successful. |
C.It's hard for people with liver failure to make much high-quality albumin |
D.Many poisonous substances from food and air are transported in the blood. |
A.Indifferent. | B.Negative. |
C.Positive | D.Suspicious. |
A.Liver Dialysis Is One Step Closer |
B.Approaches to Curing Liver Cancer |
C.Attempts to Restore the Liver's Function |
D.Liver Dialysis Replaces Transplantation |
First aid is a kind of help
Now let's talk about first aid for burns. You have three layers of skin to protect
8 . China is one of the first countries to breed a medical culture. In comparison with Western methods, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adopts a vastly different approach. For thousands of years, Chinese people have accumulated rich experience in fighting all sorts of diseases, therefore forming a unique medical theory under the guidance of ancient Chinese philosophies (哲学).
The core behind TCM is that the human body's life is the consequence (结果) of the balance between Yin and Yang. Yang functions to safeguard us against outer harm, and Yin is the inner base to store and provide energy. When the balance between the two aspects is disturbed, people fall ill.
One of the traditional techniques of TCM, acupuncture (针刺疗法) means insertion of needles into superficial (表面的) structures of the body—usually at acupoints (穴位)—to restore the Yin Yang balance. It is often accompanied by moxibustion (艾灸疗法), which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupoint.
The first known text that clearly talks about something like acupuncture and moxibustion as it is practiced today is The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. It is the earliest and most important written work of TCM and is considered the fundamental and most representative medical text in China.
Acupuncture and moxibustion have aroused the interest of international medical science circles. And TCM is gradually gaining worldwide recognition. The WHO issued a document in 2002 that appealed to more than 180 countries to adopt TCM as an alternative in their medical policies. In 2010, acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine were added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO. Presently, TCM has been back in the news for its effectiveness in improving the cure rate of the COVID-19 since its outbreak in January 2020.
1. What is the key feature of TCM?A.It adopts different medical approaches. | B.It's based on ancient Chinese philosophies. |
C.It helps to restore body's self-balance. | D.It's gained experience through rich practice. |
A.It distinguishes acupuncture from moxibustion. |
B.It's a foundation of world medical research. |
C.it stresses the importance of using acupoints. |
D.It greatly contributes to the development of TCM. |
A.To review the development of TCM. | B.To introduce TCM to the world. |
C.To tell TCM and Western medicine apart. | D.To argue for TCM in fighting COVID-19. |
A.How TCM helps in the current situation. | B.Why TCM is gaining popularity. |
C.Why TCM gets recognition from WHO. | D.How other countries adopt TCM. |
9 . Last year I went on holiday to Spain. But
No sooner had I arrived than I was
He then asked me in Spanish if I was embarrassed. "Si, unpoco (Yes, a little)", I replied with my face turning red. You see, not only did I feel embarrassed at
I was beginning to
No sooner had she told me this than I realized the
A.unfortunately | B.unwillingly | C.unbearably | D.unusually |
A.arm | B.back | C.muscle | D.stomach |
A.appointment | B.operation | C.visit | D.examination |
A.invited | B.carried | C.shown | D.welcomed |
A.before | B.since | C.after | D.until |
A.urged | B.said | C.inquired | D.gestured |
A.hide | B.cover | C.find | D.expose |
A.putting down | B.putting on | C.taking off | D.taking away |
A.unique | B.particular | C.awkward | D.aggressive |
A.mind | B.idea | C.heart | D.sight |
A.slid | B.waved | C.screamed | D.disappeared |
A.find | B.know | C.wonder | D.see |
A.medical | B.physical | C.experienced | D.amateur |
A.better | B.upset | C.strange | D.dull |
A.seized | B.removed | C.squeezed | D.held |
A.stated | B.shouted | C.whispered | D.prayed |
A.colleague | B.staff | C.patient | D.student |
A.delivering | B.defending | C.wanting | D.expecting |
A.result | B.cause | C.problem | D.effect |
A.as | B.when | C.although | D.since |